华西口腔医学杂志 ›› 2017, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 208-214.doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.02.019
收稿日期:
2016-08-11
修回日期:
2016-12-09
出版日期:
2017-04-01
发布日期:
2017-04-01
作者简介:
贾玲玲,硕士,E-mail:
Lingling Jia(), Qianbing. Wan(
)
Received:
2016-08-11
Revised:
2016-12-09
Online:
2017-04-01
Published:
2017-04-01
摘要:
牙本质粘接混合层的长期稳定性不佳,基质金属蛋白酶等内源性酶降解胶原是导致混合层破坏的重要因素。使用酶抑制剂抑制胶原降解,维持胶原结构的完整性,是提高混合层稳定性的关键。本文重点总结了基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(包括氯己定、乙二胺四乙酸、季铵盐类、锌离子和氧化锌、四环素类及其衍生物、异羟肟酸类抑制剂、二磷酸盐衍生物、交联剂等)的研究进展,并对未来的发展进行展望。
中图分类号:
贾玲玲, 万乾炳. 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂的研究进展[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2017, 35(2): 208-214.
Lingling Jia, Qianbing. Wan. Progress on matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors[J]. West China Journal of Stomatology, 2017, 35(2): 208-214.
[1] | Liu Y, Tjäderhane L, Breschi L, et al.Limitations in bonding to dentin and experimental strategies to prevent bond degra-dation[J]. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(8):953-968. |
[2] | Wang Y, Spencer P.Quantifying adhesive penetration in adhesive/dentin interface using confocal Raman microspec-troscopy[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 2002, 59(1):46-55. |
[3] | Spencer P, Wang Y, Katz JL.Identification of collagen en-capsulation at the dentin/adhesive interface[J]. J Adhes Dent, 2004, 6(2):91-95. |
[4] | Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Ruggeri A, et al.Dental adhesion review: aging and stability of the bonded interface[J]. Dent Mater, 2008, 24(1):90-101. |
[5] | Martin-De Las Heras S, Valenzuela A, Overall CM. The matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase A in human dentine[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2000, 45:757-765. |
[6] | Mazzoni A, Mannello F, Tay FR, et al.Zymographic ana-lysis and characterization of MMP-2 and -9 forms in human sound dentin[J]. J Dent Res, 2007, 86(5):436-440. |
[7] | Hall R, Septier D, Embery G, et al.Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) in forming enamel and predentine in rat incisor-coordinated distribution with proteoglycans suggests a functional role[J]. Histochem J, 1999, 31(12):761-770. |
[8] | Sulkala M, Larmas M, Sorsa T, et al.The localization of matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20, enamelysin) in mature human teeth[J]. J Dent Res, 2002, 81(9):603-607. |
[9] | Sulkala M, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, et al.Matrix metallo-proteinase-8 (MMP-8) is the major collagenase in human dentin[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2007, 52(2):121-127. |
[10] | Mazzoni A, Pashley DH, Nishitani Y, et al.Reactivation of inactivated endogenous proteolytic activities in phosphoric acid-etched dentine by etch-and-rinse adhesives[J]. Bioma-terials, 2006, 27(25):4470-4476. |
[11] | Nishitani Y, Yoshiyama M, Wadgaonkar B, et al.Activa-tion of gelatinolytic/collagenolytic activity in dentin by self-etching adhesives[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2006, 114(2):160-166. |
[12] | Chaussain-Miller C, Fioretti F, Goldberg M, et al.The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human caries[J]. J Dent Res, 2006, 85(1):22-32. |
[13] | Sorsa T, Tjäderhane L, Salo T.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in oral diseases[J]. Oral Dis, 2004, 10(6):311-318. |
[14] | Murphy G, Nagase H.Progress in matrix metalloproteinase research[J]. Mol Aspects Med, 2008, 29(5):290-308. |
[15] | Tersariol IL, Geraldeli S, Minciotti CL, et al.Cysteine cathep-sins in human dentin-pulp complex[J]. J Endod, 2010, 36(3):475-481. |
[16] | Nascimento FD, Minciotti CL, Geraldeli S, et al.Cysteine cathepsins in human carious dentin[J]. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(4):506-511. |
[17] | Vidal CM, Tjäderhane L, Scaffa PM, et al.Abundance of MMPs and cysteine cathepsins in caries-affected dentin[J]. J Dent Res, 2014, 93(3):269-274. |
[18] | Gendron R, Grenier D, Sorsa T, et al.Inhibition of the acti-vities of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 8, and 9 by chlorhexi-dine[J]. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 1999, 6(3):437-439. |
[19] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Agee KA, Hoshika T, et al.The require-ment of Zinc and Calcium ions for functional MMP activity in demineralized dentin matrices[J]. Dent Mater, 2010, 26(11):1059-1067. |
[20] | Scaffa P, Vidal C, Barros N, et al.Chlorhexidine inhibits the activity of dental cysteine cathepsins[J]. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(4):420-425. |
[21] | Loguercio AD, Stanislawczuk R, Polli LG, et al.Influence of chlorhexidine digluconate concentration and application time on resin-dentin bond strength durability[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2009, 117(5):587-596. |
[22] | Stanislawczuk R, Reis A, Loguercio AD.A 2-year in vitro evaluation of a chlorhexidine-containing acid on the durabi-lity of resin-dentin interfaces[J]. J Dent, 2011, 39(1):40-47. |
[23] | Mobarak EH.Effect of chlorhexidine pretreatment on bond strength durability of caries-affected dentin over 2-year aging in artificial saliva and under simulated intrapulpal pressure[J]. Oper Dent, 2011, 36(6):649-660. |
[24] | Lührs AK, De Munck J, Geurtsen W, et al.Does inhibition of proteolytic activity improve adhesive luting[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2013, 121(2):121-131. |
[25] | Sabatini C.Effect of a chlorhexidine-containing adhesive on dentin bond strength stability[J]. Oper Dent, 2013, 38(6):609-617. |
[26] | Zhou J, Tan J, Chen L, et al.The incorporation of chlorhe-xidine in a two-step self-etching adhesive preserves dentin bond in vitro[J]. J Dent, 2009, 37(10):807-812. |
[27] | Hebling J, Pashley DH, Tjaderhane L, et al.Chlorhexidine arrests subclinical degradation of dentin hybrid layers in vivo[J]. J Dent Res, 2005, 84(8):741-746. |
[28] | Carrilho MR, Geraldeli S, Tay F, et al.In vivo preservation of the hybrid layer by chlorhexidine[J]. J Dent Res, 2007, 86(6):529-533. |
[29] | Carrilho MR, Carvalho RM, De Goes MF, et al.Chlorhexi-dine preserves dentin bond in vitro[J]. J Dent Res, 2007, 86(1):90-94. |
[30] | Brackett MG, Tay FR, Brackett WW, et al.In vivo chlorhe-xidine stabilization of hybrid layers of an acetone-based dentin adhesive[J]. Oper Dent, 2009, 34(4):379-383. |
[31] | Sartori N, Stolf SC, Silva SB, et al.Influence of chlorhe-xidine digluconate on the clinical performance of adhesive restorations: a 3-year follow-up[J]. J Dent, 2013, 41(12):1188-1195. |
[32] | Blackburn RS, Harvey A, Kettle LL, et al.Sorption of chlor-hexidine on cellulose: mechanism of binding and molecular recognition[J]. J Phys Chem B, 2007, 111(30):8775-8784. |
[33] | Thompson JM, Agee K, Sidow SJ, et al.Inhibition of endo-genous dentin matrix metalloproteinases by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid[J]. J Endod, 2012, 38(1):62-65. |
[34] | Osorio R, Erhardt MC, Pimenta LA, et al.EDTA treatment improves resin-dentin bonds’ resistance to degradation[J]. J Dent Res, 2005, 84(8):736-740. |
[35] | Sauro S, Mannocci F, Toledano M, et al.EDTA or H3PO4/NaOCl dentine treatments may increase hybrid layers’ resis-tance to degradation: a microtensile bond strength and confocal-micropermeability study[J]. J Dent, 2009, 37(4):279-288. |
[36] | Imbery TA, Kennedy M, Janus C, et al.Evaluating EDTA as a substitute for phosphoric acid-etching of enamel and dentin[J]. Gen Dent, 2012, 60(2):e55-e61. |
[37] | Sauro S, Toledano M, Aguilera FS, et al.Resin-dentin bonds to EDTA-treated vs. acid-etched dentin using ethanol wet-bonding[J]. Dent Mater, 2010, 26(4):368-379. |
[38] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Agee KA, Uchiyama T, et al.The inhibitory effects of quaternary ammonium methacrylates on soluble and matrix-bound MMPs[J]. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(4):535-540. |
[39] | Imazato S, Kinomoto Y, Tarumi H, et al.Incorporation of antibacterial monomer MDPB into dentin primer[J]. J Dent Res, 1997, 76(3):768-772. |
[40] | Donmez N, Belli S, Pashley DH, et al.Ultrastructural corre-lates of in vivo/in vitro bond degradation in self-etch adhe-sives[J]. J Dent Res, 2005, 84(4):355-359. |
[41] | Nakajima M, Okuda M, Ogata M, et al.The durability of a fluoride-releasing resin adhesive system to dentin[J]. Oper Dent, 2003, 28(2):186-192. |
[42] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Agee KA, Mazzoni A, et al.Can qua-ternary ammonium methacrylates inhibit matrix MMPs and cathepsins[J]. Dent Mater, 2015, 31(2):e25-e32. |
[43] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Mutluay MM, Gu LS, et al.The anti-MMP activity of benzalkonium chloride[J]. J Dent, 2011, 39(1):57-64. |
[44] | Sabatini C, Patel SK.Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory properties of benzalkonium chloride stabilizes adhesive in-terfaces[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2013, 121(6):610-616. |
[45] | Sabatini C, Kim JH, Ortiz Alias P.In vitro evaluation of benzalkonium chloride in the preservation of adhesive in-terfaces[J]. Oper Dent, 2014, 39(3):283-290. |
[46] | Sabatini C, Ortiz PA, Pashley DH.Preservation of resin-dentin interfaces treated with benzalkonium chloride adhe-sive blends[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2015, 123(2):108-115. |
[47] | Cheng L, Weir MD, Zhang K, et al.Dental primer and adhe-sive containing a new antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate[J]. J Dent, 2013, 41(4):345-355. |
[48] | Li F, Majd H, Weir MD, et al.Inhibition of matrix metallo-proteinase activity in human dentin via novel antibacterial monomer[J]. Dent Mater, 2015, 31(3):284-292. |
[49] | de Souza AP, Gerlach RF, Line SR. Inhibition of human gingival gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) by metal salts[J]. Dent Mater, 2000, 16(2):103-108. |
[50] | Souza AP, Gerlach RF, Line SR.Inhibition of human gela-tinases by metals released from dental amalgam[J]. Bioma-terials, 2001, 22(14):2025-2030. |
[51] | Osorio R, Yamauti M, Osorio E, et al.Zinc reduces collagen degradation in demineralized human dentin explants[J]. J Dent, 2011, 39(2):148-153. |
[52] | Toledano M, Yamauti M, Osorio E, et al.Zinc-inhibited MMP-mediated collagen degradation after different dentine demineralization procedures[J]. Caries Res, 2012, 46(3):201-207. |
[53] | Toledano M, Yamauti M, Ruiz-Requena ME, et al.A ZnO-doped adhesive reduced collagen degradation favouring dentine remineralization[J]. J Dent, 2012, 40(9):756-765. |
[54] | Toledano M, Sauro S, Cabello I, et al.A Zn-doped etch-and-rinse adhesive May improve the mechanical properties and the integrity at the bonded-dentin interface[J]. Dent Ma-ter, 2013, 29(8):e142-e152. |
[55] | Osorio R, Osorio E, Cabello I, et al.Zinc induces apatite and scholzite formation during dentin remineralization[J]. Caries Res, 2014, 48(4):276-290. |
[56] | Toledano M, Aguilera FS, Osorio E, et al.Self-etching zinc-doped adhesives improve the potential of caries-affected dentin to be functionally remineralized[J]. Biointerphases, 2015, 10(3):031002. |
[57] | Osorio R, Cabello I, Medina-Castillo AL, et al.Zinc-modified nanopolymers improve the quality of resin-dentin bonded interfaces[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2016, 20(9):2411-2420. |
[58] | Sulkala M, Wahlgren J, Larmas M, et al.The effects of MMP inhibitors on human salivary MMP activity and caries pro-gression in rats[J]. J Dent Res, 2001, 80(6):1545-1549. |
[59] | Griffin MO, Ceballos G, Villarreal FJ.Tetracycline com-pounds with non-antimicrobial organ protective properties: possible mechanisms of action[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2011, 63(2):102-107. |
[60] | Golub LM, Ramamurthy NS, Mcnamara TF, et al.Tetracyc-lines inhibit connective tissue breakdown: new therapeutic implications for an old family of drugs[J]. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 1991, 2(3):297-321. |
[61] | Stanislawczuk R, Costa JA, Polli LG, et al.Effect of tetracyc-line on the bond performance of etch-and-rinse adhesives to dentin[J]. Braz Oral Res, 2011, 25(5):459-465. |
[62] | Corbitt CA, Lin J, Lindsey ML.Mechanisms to inhibit ma-trix metalloproteinase activity: where are we in the develop-ment of clinically relevant inhibitors[J]. Recent Pat Anti-cancer Drug Discov, 2007, 2(2):135-142. |
[63] | Feitosa SA, Palasuk J, Kamocki K, et al.Doxycycline-en-capsulated nanotube-modified dentin adhesives[J]. J Dent Res, 2014, 93(12):1270-1276. |
[64] | Fisher JF, Mobashery S.Recent advances in MMP inhibitor design[J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2006, 25(1):115-136. |
[65] | Breschi L, Martin P, Mazzoni A, et al.Use of a specific MMP-inhibitor (galardin) for preservation of hybrid layer[J]. Dent Mater, 2010, 26(6):571-578. |
[66] | Almahdy A, Koller G, Sauro S, et al.Effects of MMP inhi-bitors incorporated within dental adhesives[J]. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(6):605-611. |
[67] | Almahdy A, Koller G, Festy F, et al.An MMP-inhibitor modified adhesive primer enhances bond durability to carious dentin[J]. Dent Mater, 2015, 31(5):594-602. |
[68] | Russell R.Bisphosphonates: the first 40 years[J]. Bone, 2011, 49(1):2-19. |
[69] | Heikkilä P, Teronen O, Moilanen M, et al.Bisphosphonates inhibit stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), matrix metalloelastase (MMP-12), collagenase-3 (MMP-13) and enamelysin (MMP-20), but not urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and diminish invasion and migration of human malignant and endothelial cell lines[J]. Anticancer Drugs, 2002, 13(3):245-254. |
[70] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Agee KA, Hoshika T, et al.The inhi-bitory effect of polyvinylphosphonic acid on functional ma-trix metalloproteinase activities in human demineralized dentin[J]. Acta Biomater, 2010, 6(10):4136-4142. |
[71] | Gu LS, Kim YK, Liu Y, et al.Immobilization of a phospho-nated analog of matrix phosphoproteins within cross-linked collagen as a templating mechanism for biomimetic minera-lization[J]. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(1):268-277. |
[72] | Liu Y, Mai S, Li N, et al.Differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches in mineralizing thick, partially demineralized collagen scaffolds[J]. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(4):1742-1751. |
[73] | Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF, Chen SN, et al.Dentin biomo-dification: strategies, renewable resources and clinical appli-cations[J]. Dent Mater, 2014, 30(1):62-76. |
[74] | Scheffel DL, Hebling J, Scheffel RH, et al.Stabilization of dentin matrix after cross-linking treatments, in vitro[J]. Dent Mater, 2014, 30(2):227-233. |
[75] | Scheffel DL, Bianchi L, Soares DG, et al.Transdentinal cytotoxicity of carbodiimide (EDC) and glutaraldehyde on odontoblast-like cells[J]. Oper Dent, 2015, 40(1):44-54. |
[76] | Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Mutluay MM, Agee K, et al.Carbo-diimide cross-linking inactivates soluble and matrix-bound MMPs, in vitro[J]. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(2):192-196. |
[77] | Mazzoni A, Apolonio FM, Saboia VP, et al.Carbodiimide inactivation of MMPs and effect on dentin bonding[J]. J Dent Res, 2014, 93(3):263-268. |
[78] | Scheffel DL, Delgado CC, Soares DG, et al.Increased dura-bility of resin-dentin bonds following cross-linking treatment[J]. Oper Dent, 2015, 40(5):533-539. |
[79] | Ekambaram M, Yiu CK, Matinlinna JP.Effect of solvents on dentin collagen cross-linking potential of carbodiimide[J]. J Adhes Dent, 2015, 17(3):219-226. |
[80] | Madhan B, Krishnamoorthy G, Rao JR, et al.Role of green tea polyphenols in the inhibition of collagenolytic activity by collagenase[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2007, 41(1):16-22. |
[81] | Epasinghe DJ, Yiu CK, Burrow MF, et al.The inhibitory effect of proanthocyanidin on soluble and collagen-bound proteases[J]. J Dent, 2013, 41(9):832-839. |
[82] | Liu Y, Chen M, Yao X, et al.Enhancement in dentin colla-gen’s biological stability after proanthocyanidins treatment in clinically relevant time periods[J]. Dent Mater, 2013, 29(4):485-492. |
[83] | Liu Y, Dusevich V, Wang Y.Proanthocyanidins rapidly stabilize the demineralized dentin layer[J]. J Dent Res, 2013, 92(8):746-752. |
[84] | Epasinghe DJ, Yiu CK, Burrow MF, et al.Effect of proan-thocyanidin incorporation into dental adhesive resin on resin-dentine bond strength[J]. J Dent, 2012, 40(3):173-180. |
[85] | Hechler B, Yao X, Wang Y.Proanthocyanidins alter adhe-sive/dentin bonding strengths when included in a bonding system[J]. Am J Dent, 2012, 25(5):276-280. |
[86] | Liu Y, Wang Y.Effect of proanthocyanidins and photo-initiators on photo-polymerization of a dental adhesive[J]. J Dent, 2013, 41(1):71-79. |
[87] | Quideau S, Deffieux D, Douat-Casassus C, et al.Plant poly-phenols: chemical properties, biological activities, and syn-thesis[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50(3):586-621. |
[88] | Cova A, Breschi L, Nato F, et al.Effect of UVA-activated riboflavin on dentin bonding[J]. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(12):1439-1445. |
[89] | Fawzy A, Nitisusanta L, Iqbal K, et al.Characterization of riboflavin-modified dentin collagen matrix[J]. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(11):1049-1054. |
[90] | Fawzy AS, Nitisusanta LI, Iqbal K, et al.Riboflavin as a dentin crosslinking agent: ultraviolet A versus blue light[J]. Dent Mater, 2012, 28(12):1284-1291. |
[91] | Tjäderhane L, Mehtälä P, Scaffa P, et al.The effect of dime-thyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on dentin bonding and nanoleakage of etch-and-rinse adhesives[J]. Dent Mater, 2013, 29(10):1055-1062. |
[92] | De Munck J, Mine A, Van Den Steen PE, et al. Enzymatic degradation of adhesive-dentin interfaces produced by mild self-etch adhesives[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2010, 118(5):494-501. |
[93] | Hashimoto M, Sasaki JI, Yamaguchi S, et al.Gold nano-particles inhibit matrix metalloproteases without cytotoxi-city[J]. J Dent Res, 2015, 94(8):1085-1091. |
[1] | 达尔亚·俄尼木拜, 张迪, 古丽努尔·阿吾提. 脱矿牙本质基质和脱细胞牙本质基质成骨效果的对比研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2024, 42(1): 28-36. |
[2] | 王梓, 薛明. 4种机用镍钛锉根管预备后形成牙本质微裂的研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2024, 42(1): 75-81. |
[3] | 王丽, 吴菲, 肖墨, 陈雨欣, 吴丽更. 基于深度学习的龋源性牙髓炎露髓风险预测[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2023, 41(2): 218-224. |
[4] | 孟雨晨, 黄帆, 王思霖, 黄欣, 逯宜, 裴丹丹. 羟磷灰石牙本质脱敏剂对温和型通用型粘接系统粘接性能研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2022, 40(6): 668-675. |
[5] | 龚佳明, 张启航, 苟萍, 王辉, 余佳颖, 余占海. 自体牙本质用于牙槽嵴增量的Meta分析[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2022, 40(5): 566-575. |
[6] | 林琪, 林昱, 谢云德, 马忠雄. 原子力显微镜分析激光消融对牙本质表面微纳米结构的影响[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2022, 40(2): 155-161. |
[7] | 韩安鹏, 鲁方丽, 陆玉平, 李强, 陈栋. Micro-CT对遗传性牙本质发育缺陷离体患牙的特征研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2022, 40(2): 162-168. |
[8] | 姜丹丹, 周政, 沈玉凤, 唐小雪, 缑小蕊, 黄枚钰, 童一洲, 陈苗苗, 余重庆. 黏蛋白-4和基质金属蛋白酶-7在种植体周病中的表达及意义[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2022, 40(1): 45-51. |
[9] | 汤皓, 朱亚文, 朱家祥, 李全利. 三斜磷钙石糊剂封闭牙本质小管的体外研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2021, 39(6): 667-674. |
[10] | 牛丽娜, 焦凯, 方明, 陈吉华. 仿生修复技术在口腔颌面部硬组织缺损修复中的应用进展[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2021, 39(2): 129-135. |
[11] | 谢旭东, 赵蕾, 吴亚菲, 王骏. 骨形态发生蛋白1/tolloid蛋白酶家族在牙及骨组织发育中的作用[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2020, 38(5): 589-593. |
[12] | 印准, 战德松, 付佳乐. 表面应用粘接剂、底涂剂对锆瓷与树脂水门汀粘接强度的影响[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2020, 38(4): 376-379. |
[13] | 余丹华, 贾玲玲, 李继遥. 不同表面处理对牙颈部非龋性硬化性病损粘接性能的影响[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2020, 38(4): 438-442. |
[14] | 刘艺萍, 王珏, 田子璐, 翟培淞, 王展麒, 周延民, 倪世磊. 支架微观形貌和力学性能对管状牙本质再生的影响[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2020, 38(3): 314-318. |
[15] | 邹湘渝,曾琴,刘萍,聂敏海. 黏着斑激酶抑制剂TAE226对人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞上皮间质转化的影响[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2020, 38(1): 17-22. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||