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Table of Content
01 April 2021, Volume 39 Issue 2
  • Advances in biomimetic modification of materials for oromaxillofacial bone regeneration and dental implant
    Jiang Xinquan
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  123-128.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.001
    Abstract ( 1392 )   HTML ( 280 )   PDF(pc) (1050KB) ( 1599 )   Save
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    Oromaxillofacial hard tissue defects is still a difficult problem in clinical treatment. Regeneration of oromaxillofacial hard tissue based on tissue engineering technology has a good clinical application prospect. The functional modification of scaffolds is one of key factors that influence the outcome of tissue regeneration. The biomimetic design of biomaterials through simulating the natural structure and composition of oromaxillofacial hard tissue has gradually become a research hotspot due to its advantages of simplicity and efficiency. In this article, the biomimetic modification of biomaterials for oromaxillofacial hard tissue regeneration is reviewed, expecting to provide a new idea for the treatment of oromaxillofacial hard tissue defect.

    Application of biomimetic restoration in oral-maxillofacial hard tissue repair
    Niu Lina, Jiao Kai, Fang Ming, Chen Jihua
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  129-135.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.002
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    Oral-maxillofacial hard tissue is the support of maxillofacial structure and appearance, and lays the foundation for functions of oral and maxillofacial system. Once the defect occurs, it will not only affect the physiological functions such as chewing and pronunciation, but also have a significant impact on the psychological and social life of patients. However, the self-repairing capability of the oral-maxillofacial hard tissue is pretty limited, in which case, substitute materials are required for tissue repair. A huge gap exists between the physical, chemical, structural characteristics of conventional substitute materials and those of human hard tissues, resulting in poor repair effect. Based on this, scholars simulated the process of biomineralization in the development of hard tissues, to improve the structure and function of materials through biomimetic mineralization technology and enhance the repair performance of materials. The current understanding of biomineralization theory and the construction of biomimetic repair technology is still in the stage of rapid development. In recent years, a mass of innovative studies are keeping emerging. In this review, the representative advances in the repair of oral-maxillofacial hard tissues of the past five years are reviewed.

    microRNA-1 gene delivery mediated by exosomes suppresses CAL-27 cell proliferation
    Wu Baoqin, Li Chunhui, Zhang Menglian, Nie Minhai
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  136-142.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.003
    Abstract ( 577 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF(pc) (1897KB) ( 486 )   Save
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    Objective

    This study aims to construct endogenous exosomes abundantly loaded with miR-1 and investigate the role of exosome-mediated microRNA-1 (miR-1) delivery on CAL-27 cell proliferation.

    Methods

    Exosomes secreted by miR-1-overexpressing HEK293 cells (miR1-EXO) were purified via ultracentrifugation and subjected to transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle analysis, Western blot analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). CAL-27 cells were cocultured with exosomes secreted by HEK293 cells (CON-EXO) and miR1-EXO and equivalent phosphate buffer saline. The intracellular transport of exosomes was measured by using immunofluorescence, the expression of miR-1 and its target gene MET were investigated via qPCR, CAL-27 cell proliferation was measured through MTT assay, and cell cycle state was determined by applying flow cytometry.

    Results

    Electron microscopy revealed that miR1-EXO and CON-EXO were spherical or cup-shaped with an average diameter of approximately 110 nm. The well-known exosome markers CD9, Tsg101, and Alix were enriched. The expression of miR-1 in miR1-EXO was higher than that in CON-EXO (285.80±14.33 vs 1.00±0.06, P<0.000 1). After coculture with CAL-27 cells, miR1-EXO was internalized and unloaded miR-1 into CAL-27 cells. After coculture with miR1-EXO, the expression of miR-1 in CAL-27 cells was upregulated, whereas that of MET, the target gene of miR-1, was suppressed and the proliferation of CAL-27 cells was inhibited significantly. Normal oral keratinocyte cell proliferation was negligibly affected after coculture with miR1-EXO.

    Conclusion

    Exosomes secreted from miR1-EXO cells could load abundant miR-1. Exosomal miR-1 delivered into CAL-27 cells by using miR1-EXO suppressed the expression of MET mRNA and inhibited cell proliferation.

    Effect of different orthodontic forces on the expression of T helper cell 17 cell-related cytokines in the pressure side of periodontal tissue in rats
    Wang Luyao, Wang Bo, Cong Beibei, Cui Tao, Du Yuqing, Song Yu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  143-152.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.004
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    Objective

    This study aimed to explore the changes in the expression of the characteristic transcription factor retinoid related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) of T helper cell 17 (Th17) in the pressure side of the periodontal tissue of rats under different orthodontic forces. Their effects on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the quantity of osteoclast (OC) were also explored. The role of Th17 cell in alveolar bone remodeling under different forces was preliminarily investigated.

    Methods

    A total of 108 rats were chosen and randomly divided into three groups. Mesial forces of 0, 50, and 100 g were loaded on the maxillary first molar in the three groups. The rats were executed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. The expression of RORγt mRNA was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of IL-17 protein was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of RORγt and OPG proteins were quantified, and the quantity of OC was counted via immunohistochemistry.

    Results

    The expression levels of RORγt and IL-17 and the quantity of OC increased first and then decreased in the 50 and 100 g groups, and the peak values of the two groups were on days 5 and 7, respectively. The expression levels in the 50 g group basically recovered to normal level on day 14, while that in the 100 g group remained at a high level. The expression levels in the 50 g group were higher than those in the 0 g group and lower than those in the 100 g group. The expression of OPG in the 50 g group decreased first, then increased, and finally decreased. It basically recovered to normal level on day 14. The expression of OPG in the 100 g group decreased first and then increased. It remained at a high level on day 14. The expression in the 50 g group was significantly higher than that in the 0 g group on day 7, while the expression in the 100 g group was significantly higher than that in the 0 g group on day 14.

    Conclusion

    RORγt, IL-17, and OPG were expressed regularly over time under different orthodontic forces, indicating that Th17 participated in the process of bone resorption on the pressure side of periodontal tissue by secreting IL-17.

    Sitagliptin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts by blocking nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway
    Liu Xiang, Kang Wenyan, Shang Lingling, Ge Shaohua
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  153-163.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.005
    Abstract ( 859 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF(pc) (3734KB) ( 488 )   Save
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    Objective

    This study was performed to clarify the effects of sitagliptin on Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), explore the molecular mechanism of its roles, and provide a foundation for clinical therapeutics in periodontitis.

    Methods

    Healthy gingival samples were collected from the donors. HGFs were isolated with enzymic digestion method and identified. The effects of LPS and sitagliptin on cell viability were detected by cell-counting kit-8 (CCK8). The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), were evaluated by quantity real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the secretion protein levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. Western blot analysis was used to further investigate the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. The effect of NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY11-7082 on LPS-induced HGF inflammatory cytokines at the gene level was verified by qRT-PCR.

    Results

    Low concentrations of sitagliptin (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μmol·L-1) did not affect HGF growth in 24 and 48 h, whereas high concentrations of sitagliptin (5-1 000 μmol·L-1) significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Sitagliptin suppressed 5 μg·mL-1 of LPS-induced IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and SOD2 gene expression levels in HGF in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, sitagliptin significantly decreased the elevated secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2 protein induced by LPS. Western blot analysis showed that 0.5 μmol·L-1 of sitagliptin significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Results of qRT-PCR analysis indicated that 0.5 μmol·L-1 of sitagliptin and 5 μmol·L-1 of BAY11-7082 significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and SOD2 gene expressions.

    Conclusion

    Sitagliptin could significantly inhibit LPS-induced HGF inflammatory response by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway activation.

    Expression of cyclophilin A in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its effect on cell proliferation and invasion
    Xia Xiaoyang, Fang Fei, Liu Yan, Che Chao, Ke Jinjuan, Jiang Shengjun
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  164-169.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.006
    Abstract ( 575 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF(pc) (3371KB) ( 245 )   Save
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    Objective

    To investigate the expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore the effect of downregulating the expression of CyPA gene on the proliferation and invasion of SCC-25 cells.

    Methods

    A total of 77 cases of patients with OSCC were selected. The expression levels of CyPA proteins in OSCC and adjacent normal tissues were evaluated. SCC-25 cells were cultured and divided into the CyPA interference sequence group, negative control group, and blank group. The expression levels of CyPA mRNA and protein in cells were detected by using real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and plate colony formation assays. Cell invasion was detected by using Transwell assay.

    Results

    The positive expression rate of CyPA protein in OSCC tissues was 76.62%, which was higher than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The positive expression rate of CyPA protein in TNM stage T3+T4, clinical stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ, moderately or poorly differentiated lymph node metastasis was increased (P<0.05). Compared with the negative control and blank groups, the CyPA interference sequence group had decreased relative expression levels of CyPA mRNA and protein (P<0.05); optical density va-lues of cells at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h (P<0.05); and number of cell colonies and invasive cells (P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    The CyPA protein is highly expressed in OSCC tissues, and the downregulation of CyPA gene expression in SCC-25 cells can reduce cell proliferation and inhibit cell invasion.

    Clinical study of age-related sensory innervation of the anterior hard palate
    Li Xiufen, Liu Chang, Liu Jiyuan, Qu Tao, Pan Weilin, Pan Jian, Hua Chengge
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  170-174.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.007
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    Objective

    The present study aimed to explore the innervation of the anterior hard palatine and its relationship with individual development stage. Specifically, the effects of anesthesia on patients of different ages were observed, and neurodevelopment in the maxillofacial region was invesitgated. References that are helpful in selecting local anesthesia were provided.

    Methods

    A total of 182 patients with mixed dentition were randomly divided into the nasopalatine nerve block and greater palatine nerve block groups. Then, 219 patients with permanent dentition were divided into an adolescent group (13-18 years old) and adult group (over 19 years old), all of whom underwent bilateral greater palatine nerve block. Palatal mucosal pain sensation was tested pre- and post-anesthesia with Von Frey hairs.

    Results

    Among the children with mixed dentition, bilateral greater palatine nerve block tended to result in better anesthetic effects than nasopalatine nerve block (P<0.05), except in the incisive papilla. No difference in anesthetic effect was observed between adolescents and adults (P>0.05). The bilateral greater palatine nerve block was more effective in inducing an anesthestic effect in the anterior hard palatine in mixed dentition than in permanent dentition (over 13 years old; P<0.05).

    Conclusion

    The sensation of the anterior hard palatine seems mainly dominated by the greater palatine nerve until mixed dentition and gradually shifted to the nasopalatine nerve in conjunction with maxillary development and tooth replacement. Hence, the innervation of the anterior hard palatine induce a secondary development during the development of the maxilla.

    Investigation and analysis of oral health status of the elderly in nursing homes in Taiyuan
    Chang Le, Xu Jingchen, Wang Xiangyu, Chen Song
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  175-181.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.008
    Abstract ( 663 )   HTML ( 45 )   PDF(pc) (1039KB) ( 440 )   Save
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    Objective

    This study aims to investigate awareness of oral health care and health status among elderly people in nursing homes in Taiyuan. Strategies for preventing and treating oral diseases and improving the quality of life of the elderly in nursing homes were formulated on the basis of analyzed data.

    Methods

    A total of 359 participants from 48 nursing homes in six districts were selected randomly. Awareness, attitude, and behavior with regard to oral health care among the elderly were investigated through a survey using questionnaires and oral health examinations. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0.

    Results

    Among the elderly in the nursing homes in Taiyuan, awareness and behavior with regard to oral health care were deficient and inappropriate, and thus professional guidance was needed. In addition to method and time of brushing teeth and bad oral habits, the oral health status of the elderly was statistically affected by age and education. Compared with the data of the Fourth National Oral Epidemiological Investigation, the number of elderly people aged 55-64 or 65-74 years who brush their teeth every day and accept oral diagnosis and treatment was lower. However, the ratios of edentulous and missing teeth without treatment were higher than the national average level for the same age groups.

    Conclusion

    The awareness and attitude of the elderly in nursing homes with regard to oral health care are unsatisfactory, and their oral health status is poor. Education on oral health care, development of good oral care habits, and regular oral health examination are essential to the maintenance of oral health in elderly people.

    Investigation and analysis of children’s choice of environment in oral clinics
    Diao Yanni, Han Yang, Zeng Xin
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  182-187.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.009
    Abstract ( 658 )   HTML ( 32 )   PDF(pc) (1032KB) ( 554 )   Save
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    Objective

    To investigate and analyze children,s choice of environment in oral clinics so as to provide evidence for improving the oral clinic environment.

    Methods

    A total of 110 children in the Pediatric Dentistry of Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University were selected as the research subjects from September to December 2019 to conduct a questionnaire survey, and the results were statistically analyzed by using a Chi-square test.

    Results

    A total of 107 effective questionnaires were collected. The children surveyed liked the room with pink and blue walls (61.68%), cartoon murals (57.94%), and arranged toys (61.68%). Most of them did not dislike the special smell in the room (62.62%) and liked the smell of orange essential oil (52.34%). During treatment, the children liked watching cartoons the best (61.68%), expected doctors to be dressed in white (51.40%), and expected doctors to be treated by female doctors (68.22%). Most children wanted to be accompanied by family members during treatment (62.62%). The Chi-square test showed statistically significant differences in seven questions between preschool and school-age children: the environment of the clinic room, the color of the walls, the clinic decoration, the entertainment during treatment, color of the doctors' dress and gender, and company of the family members during treatment (P<0.05). The difference of children's choice of color of the wall and clinic decoration during the first and subsequent visit was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the choice of clinic environment between different genders (P>0.05).

    Conclusion

    Children have their own preferences for the environment in the oral clinic. For preschool children, we need to create a soothing and warm atmosphere with warm colors liked by children. For school-age children, a calm and relaxed clinic atmosphere with cold colors should be created.

    Effects of antimicrobial peptide GH12 on the morphology and composition of cariogenic three-species biofilm
    Li Xinwei, Wang Yufei, Jiang Wentao, Zhang Linglin
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  188-194.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.010
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    Objective

    To evaluate the effects of antimicrobial peptide GH12 designed de novo on the structure, morphology, and composition of a cariogenic three-species biofilm.

    Methods

    The cariogenic three-species biofilm consis-ted of the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and commensal bacteria Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) and Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii). The biofilm was treated using GH12 (2, 4, and 8 mg·L-1), and untreated biofilm was used as the control. Changes in the morphology and structure of the three-species biofilm were evaluated through crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Moreover, S. mutans in the biofilm was selectively cultured, and its colony-forming units were counted.

    Results

    The biomass and density of the cariogenic three-species biofilm treated with GH12 decreased compared with those of the control. The number of S. mutans decreased gradually and eventually became undetectable, whereas the number of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis increased and became predominant in the biofilm.

    Conclusion

    GH12 can reduce the number of S. mutans within the cariogenic three-species biofilm, destroys its integrity, and consequently makes the biofilm easy to remove.

    Efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis: a Meta-analysis
    Guo Jincai, Xie Hui, Wu Hao, Tong Tiejun
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  195-202.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.011
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    Objective

    This study was performed to review the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis systematically.

    Methods

    We searched seven databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP, to obtain randomized controlled trials related to the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis by curcumin. Each database was searched from inception to 30 June 2019. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis.

    Results

    Six randomized controlled trials involving 350 patients were included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that curcumin can increase the maximal mouth opening and improve burning sensation compared with placebo treatment. Curcumin was not as effective as the controls in achieving maximal mouth opening after 1 month of treatment. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the treatments from 2 months to 6 months. Curcumin significantly improved burning sensation compared with the controls after 3 months of treatment. No statistically significant diffe-rence in burning sensation was observed between the curcumin and control groups after 1, 2, and 6 months of treatment.

    Conclusion

    The current evidence shows that curcumin is an effective treatment for improving maximal mouth opening and burning sensation in patients with oral submucous fibrosis. Given the limited number and low quality of the included studies, however, more high-quality studies are needed to verify these findings.

    Three-dimensional morphological changes in the temporomandibular joints of patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction
    Teng Haidong, Shu Jingheng, Sun Tinghui, Pan Shiyu, Liu Zhan
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  203-208.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.012
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    Objective

    To investigate the differences in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) between patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) and asymptomatic subjects by using 3D morphometric measurements.

    Methods

    A total of 15 patients with ADDwR and 10 asymptomatic subjects were enrolled. Then, 3D models of the maxilla and mandible were reconstructed using MIMICS 20.0. Nine morphologic parameters of TMJs on both sides were measured on the 3D solid model. The differences in the parameters were analyzed between the patients and the asymptomatic subjects and between the left and right sides of each group.

    Results

    The horizontal and coronal condylar angles on the ipsilateral side of the patients were significantly greater than those of the asymptomatic subjects (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the sagittal ramus angle (SRA), medial joint space, lateral joint space, superior joint space, anterior joint space, and posterior joint space in the patients were significantly lower than those in the asymptomatic subjects (P<0.01).

    Conclusion

    ADDwR will increase the condylar angles to be significantly greater than the normal level and decrease SRA and articular spaces to be significantly smaller than the normal level. The condyles will be displaced upward, closer to the fossa.

    Clinical analysis of arthroscopy used in the diagnosis and treatment of synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint
    Qiao Yongming, Wang Ying, Li Rui
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  209-214.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.013
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    Objective

    To evaluate the value of arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJSC).

    Methods

    The cases of 16 patients preliminarily diagnosed with TMJSC by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from July 2011 to December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. If the diagnosis was confirmed by arthroscopy, the opening operation was performed. The preoperative MRI, arthroscopy and opening operation, postoperative pathology and postoperative MRI of confirmed cases were analyzed, and clinical follow-up was performed to evaluate the curative effect of open surgery. The degree of mouth opening and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain pre-operation and during follow-up of the confirmed cases were analyzed by t-test.

    Results

    Fourteen cases of TMJSC were diagnosed by arthroscopy, consistent with the postoperative pathological diagnosis. Postoperative MRI examination showed that articular cavity lesions basically disappeared. Ten patients with synovial chondromatosis were followed-up (follow-up rate, 71.4%) from 6 months to 7 years and 8 months (average follow-up time, 17.6 months); no recurrence was found, and clinical symptoms improved by varying degrees. Before operation and at follow-up, t-test results of opening degree difference were t=7.757, P<0.05; t-test results of VAS were t=-3.274, P<0.05.

    Conclusion

    Arthroscopy is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ synovial chondromatosis.

    Progress on photodynamic therapy in oral diseases
    Li Shensui, Wu Chenzhou, Li Longjiang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  215-220.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.014
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    Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has developed rapidly in basic and clinical research, and its therapeutic prospects have received increasing attention. PDT has the advantages of minimally invasive, low toxicity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, protection of appearance and vital organ function, and has become a treatment. With the development of medicine, the field of application of PDT becomes more wildly, and brings a new direction for the treatment of oral diseases. This article reviews the basic principles, treatment elements and research results of PDT in the treatment of oral diseases.

    Advances in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer
    Liu Wei, Li Chunjie, Li Longjiang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  221-226.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.015
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    Bone invasion by oral cancer is a common clinical problem, which affects the choice of treatment and predicts a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. Current studies have revealed that oral cancer cells modulate the formation and function of osteoclasts through the expression of a series of signal molecules. Many signal pathways are involved in this process, of which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB/osteoprotegerin signaling pathway attracted much attention. In this review, we introduce recent progress in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer.

    Mandibular secretory carcinoma: a case report
    Ou Xiaoping, Li Fangting, Wu Miaoyi
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  227-229.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.016
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    Secretory carcinoma, a low-grade malignant tumor, occurs mainly in parotid, submandibular gland, and small salivary glands in the mouth. It has not yet been reported in the mandible. Now we report a case occurred in the right mandibular angle of secretory carcinoma, accompanying with its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

    Basal cell nevus syndrome with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case report
    Tian Ziyi, Ma Wen, Zhao Zhiyue, Li Ming
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  230-232.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.017
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    Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease. It is thought to be caused by a mutation in the PTCH1 gene, and its incidence is 1/57 000 to 1/256 000. The case of a 7-year-old patient with BCNS and Duchenne muscular dystrophy was reported in this paper.

    Interarch distance is a target restorative space value: clinical decisionmaking of implant restoration guided by measured value
    Zhang Yuqiang, Yu Haiyang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  233-237.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.018
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    When design an implant restoration for edentulous patients, many doctors ignore the sufficiency of the interarch distance (vertical distance) or horizontal distance of the patient to accommodate the superstructure and restoration before designing the implant plan. However, the connotation of measuring the interarch distance or horizontal distance has not been clarified in clinical practice. It is often based on visual estimation after operation, and the decision-making path of implant restoration is inverted, resulting in many mistakes regarding the restoration after implantation. The main reason is the lack of standardized paths and practical methods to use before surgery. This article recommended initially establishing a maxillo-mandibular relationship based on natural teeth, old dentures, or new ones and then using the height and horizontal distance or angle of the target restorative space, which was easier to grasp as the measured index. The minimum vertical distance (including the height of the gingival surface and the bone surface) and the horizontal distance (or the angle from the bone or gingival surface to the proposed occlusal plane) should be measured before operation. A decision tree of edentulous jaw restoration guided by the values of the repair space was established based on the measured values. This article clarified the measuring points and planes and thus provided a quantitative relationship basis for the design of implant restoration.

    New diagnostic classification of cheilitis and its clinical diagnostic pathway
    Qiu Xuemei, Jiang Lu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2021, 39(2):  238-244.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2021.02.019
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    Cheilitis is a general term for various types of inflammatory diseases that occur on the lips. The etiology differs and the clinical manifestations and pathological features overlap, leading to difficulties in clinical diagnosis. Reasonable classification is conducive to the diagnosis of cheilitis. However, its classification is difficult because of its cha-racteristics. At present, scholars have proposed two different classification schemes, but a unified classification standard has not yet been established. We classified cheilitis based on its etiology, clinical manifestations, pathological characteristics, and relationship with systemic and special diseases on the basis of special medical reports and by combining clinical practice experience and summarizing previous cheilitis diagnosis and treatment literature. In accordance with this classification method, we proposed suggestions for the clinical diagnosis of cheilitis to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of complex cheilitis.