Biodegradable magnesium-based metal-guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes possess excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and osteopromotive capabilities, making them ideal implants for the treatment of maxillofacial bone defects. This review summarizes the current status and future research trends related to magnesium-based GBR membranes. First, the research history and application fields of magnesium-based metals are introduced, and the advantages of the use of magnesium-based materials for GBR membranes, including their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, osteopromotive performance, and underlying mechanisms are discussed. Finally, this review addresses the current limitations of magnesium-based GBR membranes and their applications and prospects in the field of dentistry. In conclusion, considerable advancements have been in fundamental and translational research on magnesium-based GBR membranes, which lays a crucial foundation for the treatment of maxillofacial bone defects.

Postoperative infection is one of the most common complications of tooth extraction. It may manifest as localized infection or develop to systemic infection. Clinically, oral surgeons can prevent postoperative infections by urging patients to strengthen oral hygiene, applying antibiotics in a rational and compliant manner, and choosing appropriate surgical methods for tooth extraction. For the treatment of infection, the oral surgeon should formulate a response strategy on the basis of different diagnoses. For local infections such as dry socket, delayed alveolar osteitis, gap infection, and marginal osteomyelitis of the jaws, the infection can be controlled by local debridement, therapeutic use of antibiotics, and incise and drain if necessary. For patients suspected of necrotizing fasciitis, timely extensive debridement should be made to reduce the area of tissue necrosis. For those who have received radiotherapy or anti-resorptive drugs, tooth extraction should follow the recommendations of the relevant clinical guidelines or expert consensus to minimize the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws. For patients with poor systemic health or dysfunction of the immune system, attention should be paid to identifying infective endocarditis and intracranial infection to ensure the life safety of patients. In this study, the author intends to combine literature review and clinical experience to tackle postextraction infection and its prevention to provide a reference for colleagues on oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Objective This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity and gene ontology of Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked first branchial arch cranial neural crest cells (CNCs) in mice. Methods The embryos of Wnt1-Cre;R26R^mTmG and Pax2-Cre;R26R^mTmG at embryonic day (E)8.0-E9.25 were collected for histological observation. We performed immunostaining to compare green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive CNCs in Pax2-Cre;R26R^Ai9 and Wnt1-Cre;R26R^Ai9 mice at E15.5. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to analyze the first branchial arch GFP-positive CNCs from Wnt1-Cre;R26R^mTmG and Pax2-cre;R26R^mTmGmice at E10.5. Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was performed to validate the differential genes. Results Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs migrated from the neural plateto first and second branchial arches and to the first branchial arch, respectively, at E8.0. Although Wnt1-Cre-marked and Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs were found mostly in cranial-facial tissues, the former had higher expression in palate and tongue. The results of scRNA-seq showed that Pax2-Cre-marked CNCs specifically contributed to osteoblast differentiation and ossification, while Wnt1-Cre-marked CNCs participated in limb development, cell migration, and ossification. The q-PCR data also confirmed the results of gene ontology analysis. Conclusion Pax2-Cre mice are perfect experimental animal models for research on first branchial arch CNCs and derivatives in osteoblast differentiation and ossification.

Objective This study aims to investigate the primary target and potential mechanism of mangiferin (MF) in treating oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database chip mining, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. Methods Potential therapeutic targets for OSF were identified using GEO chip data. The potential targets of MF were predicted, and disease-related targets for OSF were collected from databases. A Venn diagram was created using the EVenn platform to identify overlapping targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID platform. Cytoscape 3.10.1 software was used to visualize a drug-target-pathway-disease network, while AutoDocktools 1.5.6 software was employed for molecular docking analysis. Results A total of 356 potential targets for MF and 360 disease-related targets for OSF were obtained from multiple databases. The top 15 key target proteins in the PPI network were selected as significant candidates. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that MF treatment primarily involved advanced glycation end products-receptor (AGE-RAGE), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and other signaling pathways associated with OSF pathogenesis. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that MF exhibited a strong binding activity toward AKT serine kinase 1 (AKT1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other core targets. Conclusion These findings suggest that MF may exert its therapeutic effects on OSF through a multitarget approach involving various signaling pathways.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of collagen modification on the osteogenic performance of different surface-modified titanium, including alkaline etching, alkaline etching followed by silanization, and alkaline etching followed by dopamine modification. The proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation abilities of MC3T3-E1 cells on the surfaces with collagen modification were analyzed and compared. Methods Collagen was immobilized on the surfaces of pure titanium (Ti-C), alkaline-etched titanium (Ti-Na-C), alkaline-etched and silanized titanium (Ti-A-C), and alkaline-etched and dopamine-modified titanium (Ti-D-C), with pure titanium (Ti) as the control group. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the surface elemental composition was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle measurements were conducted to evaluate the hydrophilicity of the surfaces. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the surfaces, and their proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation abilities were assessed using CCK-8 assay, laser scanning confocal microscope, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin red staining and quantitative analysis, as well as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of osteogenic-related genes, including ALP, typeⅠcollagen (COL-1), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN). Results SEM and XPS results confirmed the successful immobilization of collagen on the titanium surfaces, with the Ti-Na-C group exhibiting a higher amount of collagen modification. Contact angle measurements showed improved hydrophilicity of the surfaces after collagen modification. CCK-8 results indicated good compatibility of the materials with MC3T3-E1, with enhanced cell proliferation on the collagen-modified surfaces. Cell fluorescence staining revealed better cell spreading on the collagen-modified surfaces, and ALP and Alizarin red staining results suggested that the Ti-Na-C group exhibited the best osteogenic performance, with significantly higher absorbance values in the Alizarin red quantification analysis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the Ti-Na-C group had the highest expression of the osteogenic-related gene OPN. Conclusion Among the different collagen modification approaches employed in this study, collagen modification on alkaline-etched titanium surfaces showed the most conducive effects on MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. This approach can be considered as the optimal collagen modification strategy for enhancing osteogenesis on titanium surfaces.

Objective To address the quality problems caused by high porosity in the preparation of dental cobalt-chrome alloy prosthetics based on selective laser melting (SLM) technology, we investigated the influence mechanism of different forming process parameters on the microstructure and properties of the materials. Moreover, the range of forming process parameters that can effectively reduce defects was precisely defined. Methods The effects of laser power, scanning speed, and scanning distance on the pore properties, surface roughness, and hardness of dental cobalt-chrome alloy were investigated by adjusting the printing parameters in the process of SLM. Through metallographic analysis, image analysis, and molten pool simulation, the pore formation mechanism was revealed, and the relationship between the porosity and energy density of SLM dental cobalt-chrome alloy was elucidated. Results When the linear energy density was higher than 0.18 J/mm, the porosity defect easily appeared at the bottom of the molten pool. When the laser energy density was lower than 0.13 J/mm, defects occurred in the gap of the molten pool due to insufficient melting of powder. In particular, when the linear energy density exceeded the threshold of 0.30 J/mm or was below 0.12 J/mm, the porosity increased significantly to more than 1%. In addition, we observed a negative correlation between free surface roughness and energy density and an inverse relationship between macroscopic hardness and porosity. Conclusion On the basis of the conditions of raw materials and molding equipment used in this study, the key process parameters of SLM of molding parts with porosity lower than 1% were successfully determined. Specifically, these key parameters included the line energy density, which ranged from 0.13 J/mm to 0.30 J/mm, and the scan spacing should be strictly controlled below 90 μm.

Objective This study aims to observe the clinical effect of bone plate reduction in combination with a resorbable plate on large mandibular cysts. Methods Between October 2017 and September 2022, patients with large mandibular cysts in the presence of labial and buccal cortical bone were involved in the study. Intraoral approach was performed for bone plate reduction. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan was reviewed at 3, 6, and 9 months postoperatively to observe postoperative complications. Osteogenic results were assessed at these times to determine the clinical outcomes of this procedure. Results Eleven cases with large mandibular cysts in the presence of cortical bone were evaluated. The average thickness of the cortical bone on the labial and buccal sides was measured to be about (1.98±0.37) mm before surgery, with a mean value of (0.73±0.17) mm at the thinnest part of the plate and up to 0.51 mm at the thinnest part of the plate. The cystic cavities were well revealed during the surgeries, which were completed successfully. Postoperatively, the wounds healed in one stage without infection. The percentages of cyst shrinkage were 20.01%, 41.76%, and 73.41% at 3, 6, and 9 months after surgery, respectively. Quantitative measurement of bone mineral density in the jaws by CBCT with MIMICS software. The bone mineral densities of the adult bone were 313.78, 555.85, and 657.45 HU at the 3, 6, and 9 month time intervals, respectively. No significant change in the patient’s maxillofacial appearance were observed from the preoperative period as assessed by the patient’s and observer’s visual analog scale. Conclusion Bone plate reduction is an effective treatment for large mandibular cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region with the presence of cortical bone.

Objective This study aims to compare the sedative effects of remimazolam and midazolam during impacted tooth extraction to provide a comfortable sedation treatment for patients with dental anxiety. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted, in which 60 patients undergoing intravenous sedation for mandibular impacted third molar extraction were evenly divided into either the remimazolam or midazolam group. Prior to receiving a nerve blocker, the patients were sedated with remimazolam or midazolam. Various parameters were recorded and analyzed, including onset time, awakening time, recovery time, modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) scores before and after surgery, patient-doctor satisfaction levels, postoperative side effects within 24 hours, heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at different time points. Results Compared with the midazolam group, patients in the remimazolam group demonstrated significantly shorter onset, awakening, and recovery times as well as lower postoperative MDAS scores and higher levels of patient-doctor satisfaction. Fewer postoperative side effects were reported in the remimazolam group, although the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion The use of remimazolam demonstrates faster onset and recovery, superior efficacy in reducing dental anxiety, and enhanced satisfaction among patients and doctors, thereby presenting distinct advantages for sedation treatment for patients with dental anxiety.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the application of digital impression and resin model technology in removable partial dentures (RPD) for Kennedy classⅠandⅡdentition defects. Methods Patients with Kennedy classⅠorⅡdental defect were selected and grouped in accordance with the following denture production processes: digital impression/resin model/cast cobalt-chromium alloy framework group (group A), digital impression/resin model/laser printed titanium framework group (group B), alginate impression/plaster model/cast cobalt-chromium alloy framework group (group C), and alginate impression/plaster model/laser printed titanium framework group (group D), with 40 cases in each group. The final RPD was examined in place in the mouth, and the evaluation indicators included the retention force of clamp ring, the tightness of connector and base, and the accuracy of occlusion. The evaluation scores of each index were used for analysis on the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test. Results No statistically significant difference in the score of each index was found among the four groups in RPD. Conclusion The cast cobalt-chromium alloy and laser-printed titanium framework RPD using digital impression and resin model can meet the clinical restoration requirements of patients with Kennedy classⅠandⅡdentition defects.

Objective This study aims to evaluate factors related to quality of life of patients with oral cancer. Methods CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library were searched up to May 2023 for studies that evaluated the quality of life of patients with oral cancer. All the included studies were independently selected, extracted, and rated by two researchers, and results are summarized by qualitative analysis. Results Twenty-four articles on 2 717 patients were included. Factors related to the quality of life of patients with oral cancer mainly included age, tumor TNM stage, radiochemotherapy, and gender, which could be summarized into three aspects: personal factors, disease-related factors, and surgical factors. More than five studies reported on the analysis of age, gender, tumor TNM stage, pathological stage, neck dissection method, marital status, recurrence, smoking, education le-vel, etc. The results are relatively consistent. Conclusion The incidence of oral cancer increases, and many factors affected the quality of life. The included literature is a cross-sectional study, and the sample size is limited. The causal relationship between relevant factors and quality of life should be verified using large sample sizes.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the incidence and severity of surgical fear in patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors. Methods The survey participants were composed of patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors, who were scheduled to undergo surgery. A general information questionnaire, the Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 score were used for the investigation. Results A total of 203 patients were investigated. Among them, 85.22% had fear of surgery. The median score of SFQ was 20, and the quartile was (6, 36). The patients were categorized into none, mild, moderate, and severe groups according fear level. Gender, diabetes, obvious discomfort before surgery, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 scores were the variables with statistical difference in each fear level. Multifactor analysis showed that women were more likely to have moderate and severe fear than men (OR=2.19, P=0.03; OR=2.72, P=0.01), patients with obvious preoperative discomfort symptoms were more inclined to have no fear (OR=4.73, P=0.02), and patients with diabetes were more likely to have severe fear (OR=3.33, P=0.02). The incidence rates of depression and anxiety were 31.03% and 24.63%, respectively. The incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with severe fear was 40.00%. Surgical fear was moderately positively correlated with anxiety (r=0.491, P<0.001) and depression (r=0.514, P<0.001). Conclusion The fear of surgery in patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors is common and distributed in all levels. Medical staff can screen and assess patients with moderate and severe fear of surgery in accordance with the influencing factors and implement targeted interventions to reduce fear of surgery, anxiety, and depression on the basis of the source of fear.

Objective This study aims to explore changes in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in experimental periodontitis-associated renal injury induced by ligation and investigate the effect of UCP2 on renal injury induced by periodontitis. Methods Twelve Wistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and periodontitis groups. A periodontal model was built by ligating the maxillary first molars area with 0.2 mm orthodontic ligature wire. After 8 weeks, the intraoral condition of the rats was observed and periodontal clinical indices such as gingival bleeding index (BI), periodontal probing depth (PD), and tooth mobility (TM) were detected. The maxillary bone was scanned by Micro CT to observe the alveolar bone resorption. The tissue mineral density (TMD), bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular bone separation (Tb.Sp) were recorded, and the distance from the enamel bone boundary to the alveolar crest (CEJ-ABC) of the maxillary first molar was measured. The oxidative stress indexes such as malondialdehyde, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected using frozen rat kidney tissue. The gene expression of UCP2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was observed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test. The gingival tissue of the rats was used for immunohistochemical staining to observe the expression of the UCP2 protein. The fixed rat kidney tissue was used for hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-schiff (PAS), MitoSOX Red, JC-1, and immunohistochemical staining to observe the renal histopathology, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the level of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of UCP2, Nrf2, and PGC-1α protein. Rat serum was collected to detect renal function indices, namely, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre), and albumin (Alb). Results Compared with the control group, the periodontitis group showed red, swollen, and soft gingival tissue, with gingival probing bleeding, periodontal PD increased, tooth loosening, alveolar bone resorption, decreased TMD, BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.Th indices, and increased Tb.Sp index, CEJ-ABC, and gingival UCP2 protein expression. Compared with the control group, the levels of MDA and ROS in the kidney tissue of periodontitis rats and the gene and protein expression of UCP2 increased, and the levels of MMP, GSH, and SOD and the gene and protein expression of Nrf2 and PGC-1α decreased. Renal functional indices, namely, BUN, Cre, and Alb, were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion UCP2 may play a role in renal injury induced by periodontitis through oxidative stress.

Objective RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatic analysis were combined and used to explore the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of naringenin (Nar) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Methods Cell counting kit-8, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were adopted to detect the effects of Nar on the proliferation and expression of inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated hPDLSCs, screening for the optimal anti-inflammatory concentration of Nar. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using |log2FC|≥1 and P≤0.05 as criteria. Volcano plot analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, the String database, and the MCODE module of Cytoscape were utilized to select core genes and enriched pathways. The effects on the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway were verified using ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. Results Appropriate concentrations of Nar could alleviate the expression of inflammatory factors and promote the proliferation of hPDLSCs stimulated by LPS. The best anti-inflammatory effect was achieved with 20 μmol/L Nar. RNA-seq showed significant enrichment of inflammation-related signaling pathways. The anti-inflammatory effect of Nar was mediated by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, similar to the effect of the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7802. Conclusion Nar could exert its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, making it a potential therapeutic option for the adjuvant treatment of periodontitis.

Objective This study aims to investigate possible hub genes, associated pathways, and transcription factors between chronic periodontitis (CP) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods Gene expression profiles of CP (GSE16134, GSE23586, and GSE10334) and PD (GSE20141 and GSE49036) were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database for differential expression analysis and functional clustering analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and hub genes were screened by four topological analysis algorithms and modular segmentation. Functional clustering analysis was performed. The hub genes were validated by external datasets of CP and PD, and causal relation was further assessed by Mendelian randomization (MR). Results After merging the data, 1 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in the CP datasets; of which, 551 were upregulated and 660 were downregulated. A total of 2 407 DEGs were screened in the PD dataset, of which, 1 438 were upregulated and 969 were downregulated. The PPI network included 145 nodes and 126 edges. Four hub genes (FCGR3B, PRF1, IL18, and CD33) and three transcription factors (HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4) were finally screened. The relevant pathway was predominantly natural killer (NK) cell-mediated toxic effects. The MR results suggest a possible positive causal relationship between CP and the risk of developing PD. Conclusion This study indicated the probably shared pathophysiology and possible causal relationship between CP and PD and may offer novel concepts and therapeutic targets for future mechanistic investigations.

Ectopic eruption of the second permanent molar is a tooth replacement disorder during adolescence. If not treated in time, it can cause hard tissue of the adjacent first molar resorption, early tooth loss, decreased chewing efficiency, and other serious malocclusions. Timely detection and treatment of ectopic eruption of the second permanent molar are of great significance in preventing malocclusions in adolescents and establishing normal occlusion relationships. However, current case reports on the ectopic eruption of the mandibular second molar are relatively rare and are mostly concentrated on surgical and orthodontic treatments, and long-term follow-up is lacking. This paper reports a case in which brass wire ligation was used to treat ectopic eruption of the mandibular second permanent molar, allowing the permanent teeth to erupt smoothly and establish a normal occlusion. The patient was observed for five years after the operation. The occlusion was stable, and the tooth root development, pulp vitality, and periodontal conditions were normal. This paper provides a clinical approach that is short in treatment duration, simple, and minimally invasive for young mandibular second permanent molars with moderate mesial inclination and partial eruption. This method is of importance in helping children establish physiological occlusion.

This study explores the potential application of computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufac-turing (CAM) for one-piece glass fiber posts and cores in restoring tooth defects post-removal of a broken fiber post using a digital guide plate. This paper reports a fractured left upper incisor fiber post removed using a customized needle and digital guide plate. Following root canal retreatment, CAD/CAM integrated fiber post-core and zirconia full crown restoration were completed. The occlusion testing was conducted using the T-Scan Ⅲ system. This study offers insights for managing secondary repair after fiber post fractures.

In clinical dentistry, addressing unique conditions such as tilted, elongated, and torsion teeth during preparation can be effectively managed through digital tooth morphology design. The production of a multi-stage 3D-printed guide offered a more efficient and accurate solution. This article presented a case of significant inclination, elongation, and torsion in the maxillary and mandibular canines that were successfully treated using crown restoration modification. A crown preparation guide was fabricated based on the final form design of the restoration using the target restorative space analysis technique to ensure precise tooth preparation. A tooth preparation guide was also designed and utilized further to enhance accuracy and efficiency during complex tooth preparation. The combined application of these multi-stage guides demonstrated promising clinical prospects.