学龄前儿童口腔不同生态位菌群特征的比较研究

doi:10.7518/hxkq.2025.2025285

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究学龄前儿童口腔不同生态位（舌背黏膜、牙齿表面、颊黏膜）微生物群落的结构差异、优势菌属特征及其潜在功能，明确局部微环境对菌群定植的影响，为儿童口腔疾病的微生态调控提供理论依据。方法采集35名健康学龄前儿童（4~6岁）的舌背黏膜、牙齿表面及颊黏膜菌斑样本共105份，基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术，分析各生态位菌群结构与α、β多样性。通过主坐标分析、UPGMA系统聚类及LEfSe分析筛选优势差异菌属，结合PICRUSt2功能预测评估不同生态位菌群的潜在代谢功能差异。结果 3类口腔生态位的菌群组成与结构存在空间异质性，牙齿表面与颊黏膜的物种丰富度高于舌背黏膜。3类生态位菌群的主要优势菌门包括厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门和微小菌群门。在属水平上，牙齿表面富集放线菌属和棒状杆菌属，舌背黏膜富集韦荣球菌属，颊黏膜富集链球菌属。β多样性分析及聚类分析显示3类生态位样本的群落结构明显分离。LEfSe分析结果显示，不同口腔部位存在明显的特异性菌属分布。功能预测显示，3类生态位在氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、细胞运动、翻译、信号转导、免疫系统、感染性疾病及膜转运等功能模块差异存在统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论学龄前儿童舌背黏膜、牙齿表面及颊黏膜3类口腔生态位在菌群组成、多样性及代谢功能潜力方面存在明显差异，提示局部生态环境对菌群定植及功能具重要调控作用。

关键词: 学龄前儿童, 口腔微生态, 生态位, 16S rRNA测序, 菌群多样性, 功能预测

Abstract:

Objective This study aims to investigate the structural differences, dominant bacterial genera, and potential functions of microbial communities in different oral ecological niches (dorsal tongue, tooth surface, and buccal mucosa) of preschool children to clarify the influence of local microenvironments on microbial colonization and provide a theoretical basis for the microbiota-targeted regulation of pediatric oral diseases. Methods A total of 105 plaque samples were collected from the dorsal tongue, tooth surface, and buccal mucosa of 35 healthy preschool children (aged 4-6 years). High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed to analyze the microbial community structure and alpha/beta diversity. Principal coordinate analysis, UPGMA clustering, and LEfSe analysis were used to identify niche-specific dominant genera. PICRUSt2 was applied to predict the potential metabolic functional profiles across niches. Results Spatial hete-rogeneity in microbial composition and structure was observed across the three oral niches. Species richness was significantly higher on the tooth surface and buccal mucosa than on the dorsal tongue. The dominant phyla included Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Patescibacteria. At the genus level, Actinomyces and Corynebacterium were enriched on the tooth surface, Veillonella was enriched on the dorsal tongue, and Streptococcus was predominant on the buccal mucosa. Beta diversity and clustering analyses confirmed distinct microbial community structures among the niches. LEfSe analysis identified several niche-specific genera. PICRUSt2 functional prediction revealed significant differences in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cell motility, translation, signal transduction, immune system, infectious disea-ses, and membrane transport (P<0.05). Conclusion The dorsal tongue, tooth surface, and buccal mucosa in preschool children harbor distinct microbial communities with different taxonomic composition, diversity, and functional potential. The findings suggest that local microenvironmental factors shape oral microbiota and may contribute to the early onset of oral diseases. This study provides foundational data and theoretical insights for early microbiome-based risk assessment and personalized oral health interventions in children.

Key words: preschool children, oral microbiota, ecological niches, 16S rRNA sequencing, microbial diversity, functional prediction

中图分类号:

R780.2

刘伽伽, 孙毓徽, 伍爵妃, 汤帅, 丁刚. 学龄前儿童口腔不同生态位菌群特征的比较研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2026, 44(2): 197-205.

Liu Jiajia, Sun Yuhui, Wu Juefei, Tang Shuai, Ding Gang. Comparative analysis of microbial communities in different oral ecological niches of preschool children[J]. West China Journal of Stomatology, 2026, 44(2): 197-205.

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