One of the ultimate goals for orthodontic treatment is to establish an esthetic, healthy, stable and efficient occlusion. Currently, however, most of the criteria are limited to static occlusion, with little attention to dynamic occlusion. During the therapy, the orthodontists may sometimes find the maximum intercuspation（MI） is remarkably inconsistent with the centric relation（CR）, or the mandibular positions are different before and after the therapy. These definitely will influence the stability of the treatment, or even the health of temporomandibular joint（TMJ） and  stomatognathic system. The functional occlusion theory emphasizes that the displacement of TMJ in the glenoid fossa is the reason for the inharmony between MI and CR, and the relapse. What is more, this theory also gives the orthodontists the ways to evaluate the relationships among the MI, CR and TMJ. In this paper, we will introduce the contents and methods of the functional occlusion theory.

Objective  To investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate（CPP-ACP）on the stability of resin-dentin bonds against pH cycling. Methods Resin-bonded dentin specimens were prepared following manufacturers’instructions, and randomly divided into 3 groups. Among them, 2 groups experienced pH cycling, in which specimens applied CPP-ACP or distilled and deionized water（DDW） on the bonding interface, respectively.Microtensile bond strength（μTBS） testing, failure mode analysis, micromorphological and nanoleakage evaluation of bonding interface and elemental analysis within hybrid layer were performed after 15 days pH cycling. Theother group was tested immediately after specimens’preparation without pH cycling. Results  No significant differences were found in μTBS between no pH cycling and pH cycling/CPP-ACP group. Their μTBS were both significantly higher than that of pH cycling/DDW group（P<0.05）. Mixed fractures were the most prevalent failure mode. The qualityof hybrid layer in pH cycling/CPP-ACP group was better than that of pH cycling/DDW group, and the nanoleakage was also less severe. Comparing with pH cycling/DDW group, the atomic percentages of Ca in the other two groupswere both significantly higher, while those of Ag were statistically lower（P<0.05）. Conclusion Local application of CPP-ACP can promote the stability of resin-dentin bonding interface against pH cycling and prolong bonding degeneration.

[Abstract]  Objective  To design a kind of biomimetic polypeptide of dentin matrix protein-1（DMP-1）, which canbind to dentine collagen fibers and initiate mineralization. Methods A novel polypeptide was developed by connectingthe collagen binding domain of DMP-1“DSESSEEDR”to the hydrophilic C-terminal of amelogenin“TKREEVD”. The polypeptide was synthetically prepared by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human dentine slices were completely demineralized by hydrochloric acid to expose the dentine collagen. Fluorescein isothiocyanate coupled polypeptide was applied to the exposed dentine collagen. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the polypeptide specially bond to the dentine collagen. Nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite was initiated by immersing the polypeptide into calciumchloride and sodium hypophosphate solutions respectively. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electronmicroscopy（TEM） and selected area diffraction（SAD） were used to examine the hydroxyapatites formed. Results  Fluorescent dentine collagen was identified in the demineralized dentine specimens. Nucleation and growth of crystals were detected after immersing the polypeptide into calcium chloride and sodium hypophosphate solutions by SEM andTEM. SAD confirmed the crystals were hydroxyapatites. Conclusion The polypeptide of “DSESSEEDRTKREEVD”cansimulate DMP-1 binding collagen and initiate hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth. It may be a potential moleculartool for dentine remineralization.

 Objective  To apply the small interfering RNA（siRNA） targeting survivin to inhibit expression of survivingene in HSC-3 oral squamous cell carcinoma and to increase the apoptosis of HSC-3 cells. Methods  siRNAwas synthesized and transfected into oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells. Compared with negative control groupand blank control group, semi-quantitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） was used to detect survivin mRNA. Cellular viability was detected by MTT and HSC-3 cell apoptosis was determined by tunnel and flow cytometry. Results  Expression of survivin mRNA was decreased significantly in siRNA group compared with negative control group and blank control group. Cellular viability was not affected in negative control group and blank control group, but cellular viability in siRNA group was significantly decreased. As to the cellular apoptosis rate, the transfected group（24.99%±1.33%） was significantly higher than negative control group（1.24%±0.13%） and blank control group（0.10%±0.02%）. Conclusion  Survivin gene silenced by siRNA might promote apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Survivin siRNA gene therapy would become a new target point for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective  To establish three-dimensional finite element model of two-piece post crown to the mandibularfirst molar residual roots, and analyze the stress distribution characteristic to the residual roots with differentadhesives, so as to get the best combination under different conditions. Methods  The complete mandibular first molarin vitro was selected, the crown was removed along the cemento-enamel junction, then the residual roots were scannedby CT. CT images were imported into a reverse engineering software, and the three-dimensional finite element modelof the mandibular first molar residual roots was reconstructed. Titanium two-piece post crown of the mandibular firstmolar residual roots was produced, then was scanned by CT. The model was reconstructed and assembled by MIMICS.The stress distribution of the root canal and root section under the vertical load and lateral load with different bondingsystems were analyzed. Results Three-dimensional finite element model of two-piece post crown to the mandibularfirst molar residual roots was established. With the increasing of elastic modulus of the adhesives, the maximumstress within the root canal was also increasing. Elastic modulus of zinc phosphate was the biggest, so the stresswithin the root canal was the biggest; elastic modulus of Superbond C&B was the smallest, so the stress within theroot canal was the smallest. Lateral loading stress was much larger than the vertical load. Under vertical load, theload on the root section was even with different bonding systems. Under lateral load, the maximum stress was muchlarger than the vertical load. The stress on the root section was minimum using zinc phosphate binder, and the stresson the root section was maximum using Superbond C&B. Conclusion  In two-piece post crown restorations, there issignificant difference between different adhesives on tooth protection. When the tooth structure of the root canalorifices is weak, in order to avoid the occurrence ofsplitting, the larger elastic modulus bonding system isthe first choice, such as zinc phosphate binder. Whenthe resistance form of the root canal orifices is goodenough but the root is too weak, it is suggested that the smaller elastic modulus bonding system is the first choice,such as Superbond C&B.

Objective   To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Fufang Bingpeng irrigant and Bingpeng irrigant on four endodontic pathogen bacteria. Methods   The agar dilution method was used to observe the antimicrobial activity of Fufang Bingpeng irrigant, Bingpeng irrigant against four selected endodontic pathogen bacteria（Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis）. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was examined. Results   Two irrigants had the antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of Fufang Bingpeng irrigant was better than that of Bingpeng irrigant. Compared with others, Enterococcus faecalis had the strongest resistance. Conclusion   Fufang Bingpeng irrigant has good antibacterial activity. As a root canal irrigant, Chinese medicine alteratives might be advantageous.

 Objective  To further explore the best Forsus load power by analyzing the change of mandible’s stress and displacement after Forsus protruded mandible instantaneously under different vertical component for providing theoretical basis. Methods  The pre-built Forsus protruding mandible model were build through Abaqus 6.5 software. The change of mandible’s stress, displacement, and pathway trend under three different working conditions（horizontal component4 N and vertical component 2, 4, 1 N）. Results  Torsion occurred in all condyles under three working conditions,and the stress was large. Under vertical component 2 and 1 N, the mandible demonstrated counterclockwise rotation,the maximum displacement occurred in the chin, respectively 1.150 mm and 2.141 mm; under vertical component 4 N, mandible rotation was not obvious, the maximum displacement of chin was only 0.188 mm. Conclusion With thevertical component gradually decreased, the protrusion trend of chin increased; Forsus could promote the mandible counterclockwise rotation and modification when protruding mandible.

 Objective   To investigate the expression of DNAX-activating protein 12（DAP12） and tartrate-resistantacid phosphatase（TRAP） in mouse monocyte RAW264.7 subjected to compressive stress. Methods   Mouse monocyteRAW264.7 was subjected to four-point bending system. The expression of DAP12 and TRAP mRNA were examined byreverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） and the expression of DAP12 protein by Western Blottingafter 0, 3, 6 and 12 h’s compressive stress. Results   After RAW264.7 cells were cultured by osteoclast cell culturefluid, the amount of the cells increased, and the volume enlarged, and the number of nuclei per osteoclast increasedin vitro. The expression of DAP12 and TRAP mRNA and DAP12 protein of RAW264.7 cells subjected to compressivestress increased along with the time（P<0.05）. Conclusion  The mouse monocyte RAW264.7 can differentiate intoosteoclast in vitro, and high expression of DAP12 exists in the process of osteoclast differentiation.

 Objective  To discuss the effect of music in relieving pain during orthodontic treatment. Methods  One hundred and sixty-five cases who wore arches the first time were selected and treated. These patients were randomly divided into two groups：Music group and blank group. The music intervention was used in reducing orthodontic treatment pain, while blank group experienced no intervention measures. Visual analogue scales（VAS） were adopted tor ecord patients’perception of pain, and Eysenck personality questionnaire（EPQ） to evaluate personality traits of all samples. Results In 165 patients, 85.45% were effective. The music group showed significantly less pain than the blank group（P<0.05）. In music and blank group, the pain was stronger in the patients with a tendency of introversion than those with a tendency of extroversion, as well as the irritability ones than steady-minded（P<0.05）. In music group,the pain was stronger in the females than the males（P<0.05）. Conclusion  Music helps to relieve pain during orthodontics treatment. The effect of music to relieve the pain during orthodontics treatment for the males are better than that for the females, extroverted personality ones are superior to introversive personality ones, and the steady-minded patients are better than irritability ones.

 Objective  Comparing the dental handpiece’s cleaning effect between manual cleaning and machine cleaning. Methods  Eighty same contaminated dental handpieces were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, each group contains 40 pieces. The experimental group was treated by full automatic washing machine, and the control group was cleaned manually. The cleaning method was conducted according to the operations process standard, then ATP bioluminescence was used to test the cleaning results. Results  Average relative light units（RLU）by ATP bioluminescence detection were as follows: Experimental group was 9, control group was 41. The two groups were less than the recommended RLU value provided by the instrument manufacturer（RLU≤45）. There was significant difference between the two groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion  The cleaning quality of the experimental group was better than that of control group. It is recommended that the central sterile supply department should clean dental handpieces by machine to ensure the cleaning effect and maintain the quality.

 Objective  To provide basis for effects of an early psychological intervention on parents of children with cleft lip/palate, and investigate the effects of an early psychological intervention to them. Methods  One selfadministered questionnaire（SCL-90） was applied in 102 parents of children with cleft lip/palate, compared to 126 parents of healthy individuals on the day of admission. They were given the psychological intervention during hospitalization and 3 months after discharge. The questionnaire（SCL-90） was again applied to them on the day of discharge and 3 months after discharge. Results  Using the questionnaire（SCL-90）, the answer scores of somatization, obsessivecompulsive, depression and anxiety etc. were significantly higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. There were no statistical differences during 3 subgroups in the case group（P＞0.05）. There were no statistical differences on the day of admission and on the day of discharge（P＞0.05）, but there were statistical difference on the day of admission and 3 months after discharge（P<0.05）. Conclusion  In this study, the psychosomatic states of parents of children with cleft lip/palate is poor. It’s important and greatly significant that we conduct early psychological intervention to parents of children with cleft lip/palate and to the children’s psychosomatic health.

Objective   To compare the efficacy of hydroxyapatite（HA）, calcium hydroxide（CH） and Vitapex on root formation of immature teeth of dogs. Methods  Sixteen roots of permanent incisors in two dogs（about five to six months old） were used. After the pulpectomy, roots were randomly divided into four groups. Group A, B and C were experimental groups and filled with HA, CH and Vitapex, respectively. Group D was control group and filled with AH plus. The changes of root length and apical areas were measured by cone beam CT（CBCT）, meanwhile, paraffin sections with hematine-eosin（HE） staining were used to observe the shape of root tips; frozen sections with alkaline phosphatase （ALP） staining were used to observe the osteoplastic activity of cells. Results  1）CBCT showed that four weeks later, all roots in every groups became longer（P<0.05）, and the apical areas in three experimental groups decreased（P<0.05）. However, eight weeks later, high density image could be detected in every root. 2）Histological examination showed that there was no inflammation in every group, and after four weeks, none of apicals were closed, but partial cementum and peridental membrane had extended into canals. After eight weeks, a complete cementum barrier and an intensive distribution of positive cells of ALP staining could be seen in group A, however, some spaces could be seen in the cementum barrier of group B and C, which were filled with periodontal membranes, and the positive cells of ALP staining were dispersed. Moreover, scattered cementum, cementoid and abundance fiber or blood vessels could be seen in group D, in which ALP staining was negative. Conclusion  The root formation of immature teeth can go on after pulpectomy when there is no inflammation, the tissue source is probably the periodontal membrane, and HA which can induce root formation faster is a better material in the apexification.

 Objective  To evaluate the anesthetic effects and safety of Gow-Gates technique of inferior alveolar nerve block in impacted mandibular third molar  extraction. Methods  A split-mouth study was designed. The bilateral impacted mandibular third molar of 32 participants were divided into Gow-Gates technique of inferior alveolar nerve block（Gow-Gates group） and conventional technique of inferior alveolar nerve block（conventional group） randomly with third molar extracted. The anesthetic effects and adverse events were recorded. Results  All the participants completed the research. The anesthetic success rate was 96.9% in  Gow-Gates group and 90.6% in conventional group with no statistical difference（P=0.317）; but when comparing the anesthesia grade, Gow-Gates group had a 96.9% of grade A and B, and conventional group had a rate of 78.1%（P=0.034）. And the Gow-Gates group had a much lower withdrawn bleeding than conventional group（P=0.025）. Two groups had no hematoma. Conclusion  Gow-Gates technique had a reliable anesthesia effects and safety in impacted mandibular third molar extraction and could be chosen as a candidate for the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block.

Objective  To evaluate the most acceptable lower anterior face height of male and female by orthodontic treatment seeking people. Methods  Two hundred and thirty-two Chinese orthodontic seeking people of Guanghua Hospital of Stomatology of Sun Yat-sen University were randomly selected in this survey. An electronic questionnaire was designed with a set of male and female young Chinese adult images with changes of the lower anterior face height （while the middle anterior face height remains the same）. They were asked about the lowest, highest and optimal proportion（or so-called lower, higher and optimum limits respectively） between the lower anterior face height and the middle anterior face height（LAFH/MAFH） they could accept. All the findings of the proportion were analyzed by a statistic system. Results  The lower limits’median value in regard to the LAFH/MAFH of male model and female model images was 0.8, this limit value for the male model’s was greater than the female model’s（P=0.039）; the higher limits’median value was 1.1, this limit value for the male model’s was less than the female model’s（P<0.001）; the optimum limits’median value was 0.9, this limit value for the male model’s was greater than the female model’s （P<0.001）. Conclusion The result of this study shows all lower, higher and optimal limits accepted by the orthodontic treatment seeking people in regard to the proportion between the lower and middle height of anterior faces. This result will facilitate the understanding of aesthetic judgments of orthodontic patients on profile lower anterior facial height
for orthodontist in treatments.

Objective  To promote the diagnostic accuracy of salivary Warthin’s tumor by summarizing the ultrasonographic features of salivary Warthin’s tumor. Methods  Sixty-nine lesions（58 patients with salivary Warthin’s tumor）were retrospectively studied by ultrasonography and confirmed by histopathology. Results The ultrasonographic manifestations of salivary Warthin’s tumor demonstrated in three patterns. TypeⅠ: Solid mass（34 lesions, 49.3%）, the mass was solid, grid-shaped echo inside. The mass was pathologically composed of such various tissues as epithelial cells, lymphatic organization, fibrous tissue which were compactly and evenly arranged, and little mucous formed the cyst cavity in which there projected epithelial papilla. Type Ⅱ: Cystic-solid mixed mass（30 lesions, 43.5%）, there was no flake-like echo, cystic-solid boundary was clear. Histopathological study revealed glandular epithelium made up irregular catheter and cyst cavity with yellowish mucous, glue-frozen-like stuff or brown colloidal  substances. Type Ⅲ: Cystic mass（5 lesions, 7.2%）, the mass manifested separated cystic echo crumbs. The histopathological study showed salivary Warthin’s tumor with infarctions and infections. The coincidence of ultrasound and histopathology diagnose was 79.7%. Conclusion  The ultrasonographic features of salivary Warthin’s tumor are mainly based on the organization of histopathological study. The grasp of various ultrasonographic imagings and pathological changes is beneficial for increasing the accuracy rate of diagnosis higher.

Objective  To investigate the influence of digit-sucking habit on palatal features in pre-school children by using a laser scanning system. Methods Forty pre-school children were chosen according to the results of questionnaires, among which 20 with digit-sucking habit（digit-sucking group） and 20 without any oral habits（control group）. Impression of the upper jaw was taken from each child. After laser scanning the plaster casts, and three-dimensional reconstruction by the computer, parameters of anterior and posterior palatal length, width and height were measured, ratios of height/width, length/width and width ratio of anterior and posterior palatal were analyzed. The differences of palatal features between two groups were analyzed by t test. Results  There was statistical significance between digitsucking group and control group in posterior palatal width, anterior palatal length and anterior palatal height. The ratios of height/width and length/width in both posterior and anterior areas were statistically significant（P<0.05）. Compared to the control group, the results indicated that palatal features were relatively deeper, narrower and more protrusive in digit-sucking group. Conclusion The digit-sucking habit may have some deleterious impacts on the palatal features in pre-school children with primary dentition. And it is practical to measure the spacial palatal features by using laser scanning system to some extent.

Objective  To investigate the association between rs142167, rs7216231 single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） in Wnt3 and nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate（NSCL/P） in Hui and Han population of Ningxia Autonomous Region. Methods  The study consisted of 371 NSCL/P patients from Ningxia Hui and Han population（Han population 166, Hui population 205）, their parents（196 fathers, 224 mothers, 150 trios） and 258 normal controls（Han population 190, Hui population 68）. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms（PCR-RFLP） was used to identify rs142167, rs7216231 genotypes of the samples. The data was analyzed by case-control analysis, transmission disequilibrium test（TDT） and family based associated test（FBAT）. Results  Case-control study showed that no differences in cleft lip, cleft palate, cleft lip and palate, and the total case group compared with the control group at rs142167 and rs7216231（P＞0.05） in Hui and Han population and in stratified comparison. TDT test showed that rs142167 and rs7216231’s allele had not over-transmitted（P＞0.05） in NSCL/P. FBAT test showed that G-G specific haplotypes showed statistically significant（P<0.05）. Conclusion  Wnt3 gene polymorphism is not relevant with NSCL/P in Ningxia Hui and Han population.

Objective  To investigate the influence of celecoxib, cycloxygenase-2（COX-2） selective inhibitor, upon the proliferation of KB/VCR cells, and analyze the effect of celecoxib on the expression of P-glycoprotein（P-gp）. Methods  MTT method was employed to study the inhibitory effect of celecoxib on KB/VCR cells, which were divided into vincristine（VCR） group, Celecoxib group, Celecoxib+VCR group, Celecoxib+VCR+prostaglandin E2 （ PGE2） group. Western blot was employed to detect the expression of P-gp, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the apoptosis of KB/VCR cells. All of the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software package. Results  The growth inhibition rate of KB/VCR cells in Celecoxib+VCR group was significantly higher than that in Celecoxib group, VCR group and Celecoxib+VCR+PGE2 group（P<0.01）. The expression of P-gp in Celecoxib+VCR group and Celecoxib group were markedly lower, compared with those in VCR group and Celecoxib+VCR+PGE2 group（P<0.01）. The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL in Celecoxib+VCR group,  Celecoxib+VCR+PGE2 group and Celecoxib group were significantly lower than those in VCR group（P<0.01）. The apoptosis rate of Celecoxib+VCR group, Celecoxib+VCR+PGE2 group were significantly higher than those in VCR group and Celecoxib group（P<0.01）. The apoptosis rate of Celecoxib+VCR+PGE2 group were significantly lower than those in Celecoxib+VCR group（P<0.01）. Conclusion Celecoxib could enhance the toxicity of VCR against KB/VCR cells. The mechanism probably correlates with the downregulation of celecoxib on the expression of P-gp and the increase of apoptosis.

 Objective  To investigate the expression of the peripheral blood retinoid-related orphan receptor γt（RORγt） and 4-1BB/4-1BBL mRNA in oral lichen planus（OLP） patients. Methods  The expression levels of peripheral blood’RORγt mRNA and 4-1BB/4-1BBL mRNA of 30 samples of OLP patients and 30 cases of healthy human were detected using real-time fluorescent quantitative-polymerase chain reaction（FQ-PCR） technology. Results  In the OLP group, the expression level of RORγt, 4-1BB, 4-1BBL mRNA were higher than those in the control group
（P<0.05）. After the conversion of the 2-ΔΔCT, the expression levels of three kinds of mRNA in the OLP group were 3.087, 3.320 and 4.005 times of the control group respectively. In the OLP group, the expression levels of RORγt mRNA and 4-1BB mRNA had no obvious correlation（P>0.05）, the expression levels of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL mRNA had a positive correlation（r=0.455 0, P<0.05）. Conclusion  The abnormal expression of RORγt, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL mRNA may play certain roles in the pathogenesis of OLP.

 Objective  To investigate the influences of recasting on the mechanical properties of Au-Pt ceramic alloy. Methods  Au-Pt ceramic alloy samples were prepared and recast for 3 times without adding any new Au-Pt ceramic alloy. The tensile strength, 0.2% yield strength, percentage of elongation, flexural strength,  flexural modulus and Vickers hardness of each specimen were measured. Results  Being cast for different times, the Au-Pt ceramic alloy showed no significant differences on their tensile strength, 0.2% yield strength, percentage of elongation, flexural strength or Vickers hardness. The flexural modulus of the Au-Pt alloys being cast for 2 or 3 times was significantly higher than that of the alloys being cast for 1 time（P<0.05）. Conclusion  Au-Pt ceramic alloy can be recast for 3 times at least, without any decrease in the mechanical properties.

 Objective  To evaluate the effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on clinical periodontal measurements, glycemic control, and level of serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1（sICAM-1） in type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic periodontitis patients. Methods  Patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis were selected and classified into well-controlled group[glycated hemoglobin A1c （ GHbA1c ） ＜7.00%, n=30, DMCP1 group] and poorly-controlled group（GHbA1c≥7.00%, n=30, DMCP2 group）. Thirty systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis were recruited as control group（CP group）. All subjects underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy. Plaque index（PLI）, sulcus bleeding index（SBI）, bleeding on probing（BOP）, probing depth（PD）, clinical attachment loss （CAL）, serum sICAM-1 concentration, and the value of fasting plasma glucose（FPG）, GHbA1c were recorded at baseline, 1 and 3 months after periodontal treatment. Results  The three study groups showed significant improvements for the levels of PD, SBI, PLI, BOP, and serum sICAM-1 concentration at 1 and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment（P＜0.05）. The level of CP group and DMCP1 group also showed significant improvements for the levels of CAL（P＜0.05）, but no significant change was found in DMCP2 group（P＞0.05）. At 3 months after periodontal treatment, GHbA1c levels in DMCP2 group significantly decreased by 1.12%（P＜0.05）, whereas no significant changes were found in CP and DMCP1 groups（P＞0.05）. Conclusion  Non-surgical periodontal treatment can significantly improve periodontal health status in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis, reduce the level of serum sICAM-1, and can reduce the level of GHbA1c in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective  To investigate the mechanism by which carbon monoxide inhibits the expression of adhesion molecules on human gingival fibroblasts（HGF） stimulated with inflammatory cytokines. Methods  HGF were cultured in vitro, and stimulated with 50 ng•mL-1 tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） and 10 ng•mL-1 interleukin-1β（IL-1β） concurrently in the presence or absence of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-3（CORM-3） at 500 μmol•L-1. Expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase（ERK）, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK） and phosphorylated p38 in mitogen-activated protein kinase（MAPK） pathway was studied by Western blot at 10 min and 20 min, respectively. Nuclear expression of nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB） was checked by Western blot after 4 h stimulation. In some experiments, cells were prestimulated by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one（ODQ） for 8 h before cytokine stimulation and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1（ICAM-1）was checked by Western blot after 24 h. Results  CORM-3 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK p38 after 10 min stimulation with cytokines, but had no signifi-cant effect on the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. CORM-3 significantly inhibited the nuclear expression of NF-κB-p65 on HGF after 4 h stimulation by inflammatory cytokines. The inhibitory effect of CORM-3 on the expression of ICAM-1 was not influenced by guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ. Conclusion  The inhibitory effect of carbon monoxide on the expression of adhesion molecules might be exerted by its inhibitory effect on the NF-κB activity and MAPK p38 hosphorylation.

Objective  To test expression of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ（CaⅡ） mRNA in osteoclasts which were applied with fluid shear stress. Methods  The bone marrow cells of Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured with the presence of 1,25-（OH） 2D3 and dexamethasone. The osteoclast-like cells were identified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase（TRAP） staining and scanning electron microscope（SEM） observation, then purified with trypsin/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA）. Different values and lasting time of steady fluid shear stress were exerted on the osteoclasts with parallel plate flow system. The CaⅡ expression of osteoclasts were detected by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） and nested polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. Results  The levels of CaⅡ mRNA were down-regulated correspondingly with the increase of stress and time（P＜0.05）. Conclusion  It’s indicated that steady fluid shear stress within a certain range may down-regulate the expression of CaⅡ in osteoclasts.

 Objective  To evaluate the aesthetic effect of restorations with custom pressable metal ceramic abutments for defective soft and hard tissue in the maxillary anterior zone. Methods Fifty-two patients with missing anterior teeth in the maxillar were selected, who had problems such as exposure of abutment metal, excessively large angle deviation, excessively long ceramic crown and missing gingival papilla, affecting the aesthetic effect of implant denture. Custom pressable metal ceramic abutments were made on the conventional castable metal abutment surface and restored with all-ceramic crowns to overcome the blackness at the implant neck. Results  Clinical evaluation for aesthetic effects 3 and 6 months after the restorations were placed. In 63 restorations of 52 patients, the blackness at the implant neck were eliminated and the aesthetic effect were ideal. The gingival was in healthy condition, showing no further gingival retreat or inflammation around the implant denture. Conclusion  Custom pressable metal ceramic abutments can effectively improve the aesthetic appearance of the implant denture in maxillary anterior zone.

White sponge nevus（WSN） is a rare, autosomal-dominant hereditary disease. This article reported two siblings affected by white sponge nevus. Because of smoking or not, they presented different clinical manifestations.

The combination of submerged primary molars and permanent teeth deletion is rare. This article reported a case of several submerged primary molars, permanent teeth deletion and a cone-shaped maxillary lateral incisor and discussed based on relevant literatures.

Tooth agenesis, belonging to the abnormal tooth development, is a common disease in clinic. The disease not only affects the person’s chewing function, but also influences the pronunciation, appearance and mental health. In the past, genetic linkage and molecular biology research have made clear of part of the genetic mutations’sites of the syndromic and non-syndromic tooth agenesis. Although the mechanism was not clear yet, but the important mutations are now known to be involved in many factors. The syndromic and non-syndromic tooth agenesis related gene are reviewed in this paper.