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Table of Content
01 June 2017, Volume 35 Issue 3
  • Orginal Article
    Confusion and solution for vital pulp therapy
    Dingming Huang, Qian Lu, Qian Liao, Ling Ye, Xuedong. Zhou
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  227-231.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.001
    Abstract ( 2215 )   HTML ( 94 )   PDF(pc) (2421KB) ( 2706 )   Save
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    Dental pulp tissue plays a role in forming dentin, providing nutrition, conducting pain, and generating protective responses to environmental stimuli. Bacterial infection is the main cause of pulp disease, where histopathological changes are the histological basis for determining the choice of treatment and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. Thus, particular attention should be given to eliminate infection, as well as preserve and maintain pulpal health in teeth that show reversible or limited pulpal injuries. Vital pulp therapy, especially its indications and prognostic factors, has been a research hotspot that often causes confusion among clinicians. In this paper, we briefly introduce the confusion and solution for vital pulp therapy in terms of indications, pulp condition assessment, infection elimination, and capping material selection. In addition, we develop a clinical pathway and an operation normalization of vital pulp therapy to better perform the therapy.

    Difficulties and misunderstandings of root canal filling
    Chen. Zhang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  232-238.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.002
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    Root canal filling is performed as the final and most important procedure of root canal treatment. The superior 3D filling is the key determinant of endodontic success. However, such procedure remains a challenge because of the comple-xity of the root canal system and the limitation of root canal filling materials and methods. This paper provides an overview of current principles and practices in root canal filling, focusing on advantages, disadvantages and indications. The process errors and countermeasures in various root canal filling methods are also discussed. This review provides guidance and help for clinical and practice to achieve a satisfactory root canal filling and improve root canal treatment outcome.

    Construction of a low-pH-sensing system in Streptococcus mutans
    Di Kang, Yuqing Li, Xuedong. Zhou
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  239-244.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.003
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    Objective To construct a low-pH-sensing system in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and to visually detect the pH in situ. Methods Promoter of ureaseⅠ(PureⅠ) and green fluorescence protein (gfp) DNA fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the genome of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I and S. mutans containing the gfp fragment. The two amplified DNA fragments were ligated together and further integrated into pDL278 to construct the recombinant plasmid pDL278-pureⅠ-gfp. This recombinant plasmid was then transformed into S. mutans UA159 cells. Subsequently, the intensity of the optical density per unit area of the low-pH-sensing system was measured and compared under different pH conditions and different processing times. Results PureⅠ and gfp DNA fragments were amplified successfully with the correct molecule sizes (450 and 717 bp, respectively). The recombinant plasmid pDL278-pureⅠ-gfp was constructed and fur-ther verified by PCR and sequencing. The intensity of the optical density per unit area of the low-pH-sensing system increased with decreasing pH and increasing processing time. Conclusion A low-pH-sensing system was constructed successfully in S. mutans. Our research verified that pureⅠ of Streptococcus salivarius can function well in S. mutans as an acid induced promoter, and provided a new method of detecting the pH of plaque biofilms in situ.

    Effect of hypoxia on the biological characteristics of human dental follicle cells
    Xi Liang, Guoqing Chen, Wei-dong Tian
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  245-252.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.004
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    Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia on the characteristics of human dental follicle cells (hDFCs). Methods The tissue explant collagenase method was used to isolate hDFCs from young permanent teeth. The immunofluorescence technique was used to detect cell surface markers, and the multi-differentiation potential was detected by multilineage differentiation induction assay. Then, the hypoxic microenvironment was physically mimicked, and the cells were divided into the normoxia group (20%O2) and the hypoxia group (2%O2). The effects of hypoxia on cell migration and proliferation were examined by Transwell chamber test and CCK-8 assay, respectively. The gene and protein expression levels of stemness-related markers at both oxygen concentrations were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. After osteogenic induction of both groups, qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the osteogenesis-related gene, and alizarin red staining was used to assess the formation of mineralized nodules. Results With the multi-differentiation capacity of osteogenic cells, adipogenic cells, and nerves, hDFCs demonstrate strong stem cell characteristics and possess the criteria of mesenchymal stem cells, which can meet the requirements of seed cells in dental tissue engineering. Hypoxia was conducive to the maintenance of hDFC stemness. Hypoxia promoted the migration and proliferation of hDFCs. The hDFCs were induced to osteogenic differentiation under hypoxic conditions, thereby enhancing osteogenesis. Conclusion Hypoxic microenvi-ronment plays an important role in maintaining the stemness and promoting the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of hDFCs. Thus, this microenvironment could also serve several important functions in future clinical applications.

    Establishment of rat models with altered anterior guidance and observation of histological changes in temporomandi-bular joint synovium
    Yuxuan Li, Tong Zhai, Wenhong Tan, Lekang Bai, Min. Xiao
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  253-257.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.005
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    Objective This study aims to establish a stable animal model with altered anterior guidance and investigate histological changes on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovium in rats. Methods Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups, namely, control group, anterior-guidance-deficient group (T1), and anterior guidance inclined up to 15 degree (T2) and 30 degree (T3) groups. Metal crowns that add 15 and 30 degrees to the palatal side were cemented to the incisors of maxilla to increase the inclination of anterior guidance. The low-speed diamond wheel shorts for both upper and lower incisors of rats were applied to avoid contact between anterior teeth in all direction, thus establishing an anterior guidance deletion model. TMJ joints on one side of two animals in each group were harvested after 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Pathological changes were investigated in the TMJ synovium using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Results The weight of T1 decreased briefly at first, and then increased slightly (P<0.05). The weight of T3 obviously reduced and then slowly increased, but remained below the initial weight (P<0.05). T3 manifested obvious synovial lining proliferation and vascular dilation (P<0.05). Conclusion The rat model of anterior guidance inclined up to 30 degree could imitate the pathological features of TMJ synovium with excessive increase in anterior guidance. A higher inclination of anterior guidance might cause more damage of TMJ synovium. The effect of anterior guidance deletion on TMJ synovium is yet to be determined.

    Alteration of metabolic characteristics on the masseter muscle fiber of unilateral chewing rats and its adenosine mono-phosphate activated protein kinase regulatory mechanism
    Andi Shi, Lin Zeng, Jing Liu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  258-263.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.006
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    Objective This study aims to determine the influence of unilateral chewing on metabolic characteristics of masseter muscle fibers in rats and the regulatory effect of an adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal pathway on metabolism. Methods Rats were submitted to exodontia of all the right maxillary molars and divided into 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks groups, and corresponding control groups were set as well. Sections were stained by nicotine adenine dinucleotide tetrazolim reductase(NADH-TRase) to demonstrate the types, proportion, and density of masseter muscle fibers. AMPKα1 and p-AMPK(Thr172) levels in bilateral masseter muscles were detected by Western blot. Results In the 2-week group, the percentage of dark fibers augmented in the ipsilateral side, whereas the percentage of intermediary fibers in the contralateral side was increased accompanied by a decrease of light fibers, compared with the control group (P<0.05). The percentage of dark fibers was increased in the bilateral sides, whereas the percentage of dark fiber in the ipsilateral sides surpassed that of the contralateral sides in the 4, 6, and 8-week groups. The percentage of intermediary fibers was decreased in the bilateral sides in the 6 and 8-week groups (P<0.05). The percentage of light fibers was reduced in the ipsilateral sides in the 8-week group, whereas no alteration was observed in contralateral sides (P>0.05). In the ipsilateral sides, p-AMPK (Thr172)/AMPKα1 levels were increased in the 2 and 4-week groups (P<0.05), whereas no change was observed in the con-tralateral sides in either group (P>0.05). Conclusion Uni-lateral chewing increases the oxidative metabolic ability in bilateral masseter muscle fibers especially in the non-working side accompanied with change of muscle fiber types. The improvement of aerobic metabolism ability is related to the AMPK signal pathway.

    Therapeutic effect of enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 inhibitor GSK343 on periodontitis by regulating macrophage diffe-rentiation
    Zhongchao Wang, Liyuan Fan, Dan Tan, Cong Zhou, Shijun Luo
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  264-268.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.007
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    Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor GSK343 on periodontitis by regulating microphage differentiation. Methods Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were divided into the blank (A group), control (B group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (C group), and LPS+GSK343 (D group) groups. Phenotype transformations was determined through Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by detecting the differentiation of phenotypic biological markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Arginase-1 (Arg-1). Metergasis was identified by performing a phagocytosis test on Esche-richia coli (E. coli). Results Macrophage RAW264.7 cells produced classical phenotypic biomarkers (M1) TNF-α and iNOS under LPS stimulation. The expression levels of IL-10 and Arg-1 increased after adding GSK343 into the culture medium. GSK343 also induced the conversion of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Macrophage RAW264.7 cells exerted a phagocytic effect on E. coli, and this effect was enhanced after adding LPS into the culture medium. GSK343 regulated the macrophage RAW264.7 phagocytosis of E. coli. Conclusion GSK343 possibly participates in the regulation of macrophage differentiation and, consequently, in the latent treatment of periodontitis.

    Characterization of microRNAs profiles of induced pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed from human dental pulp stem cells and stem cells from apical papilla
    Xiaobing Tan, Qingyuan Dai
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  269-274.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.008
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    Objective To compare characterization of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression profiles of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) and screen-specific microRNA. Methods Human DPSCs and SCAP were reprogrammed into iPSCs using a Sendai virus vector. Total RNA of human DPSCs-iPSCs and SCAP-iPSCs were extracted. miRNAs were labeled and hybridized. Slides were scanned, and images were imported into GenePix Pro 6.0 for grid alignment and data extraction. Significant differentially expressed miRNAs between the two groups were identified using fold change and P-value and were analyzed. Results Both human DPSCs and SCAP were successfully reprogrammed into iPSCs. Among miRNA genes analyzed by miRNA microarray, 68 were differentially expressed by more than 10-fold in DPSCs-iPSCs; 37 of these genes were up-regulated, and 31 were down-regulated. In SCAP-iPSCs, 107 genes were differentially expressed by more than 10-fold; 68 were up-regulated, and 39 were down-regulated. In both cells, only miR-302e was up-regulated, whereas 9 miRNAs were down-regulated: miR-29b-3p, miR-181b-5p, miR-4328, miR-22-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-4324, let-7b-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-27b-3p. Conclusion Multiple miRNAs participated in reprogramming of human DPSCs and SCAP into iPSCs. Most miRNAs are related to cell cycle, transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

    Effect of naringin combined with bone morphogenetic protein-2 on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells
    Xu Gaoli, Liu Yi, Wu Lili, Shi Qiutao, Huo Guang, Gu Zhiyuan
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  275-280.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.009
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    Objective This study evaluates the biological effects of naringin (NAR) joint bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and expression of osteoblastogenic genes, such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen Ⅰ (ColⅠ), ALP, and osteocalcin (OCN) of pre-osteoblasts. Methods Three different NAR concentrations (10, 100, and 1 000 μmol·L-1) were applied, alone or combined with BMP-2(50 ng·mL-1), to restore the osteoblastogenesis of pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cell line). Cell numbers (proliferation) were evaluated at first, fourth, and seventh days by Alamar blue assay. ALP activity and the expression of osteoblastogenic genes, such as Runx2, ColⅠ, ALP, and OCN were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at fourth and seventh day. Results Stimulation by NAR alone and in combination with BMP-2 for 1 day and 4 days could promote cell proliferation, which peaked at a concentration of 100 μmol·L-1 NAR combined with BMP-2 could promote cell proliferation significantly (P<0.05). Stimulation by NAR alone and in combination with BMP-2 for 4 and 7 days could promote ALP activity and bone-related gene(ALP, OCN, Runx2, ColⅠ) expression. ALP expression was significantly promoted after stimulation of 100 μmol·L-1 NAR and BMP-2 (P<0.05). Conclusion NAR exhibits promising potential for improving MC3T3-E1 proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate concentrations of NAR and BMP-2 show synergistic effect.
    Comparison among three translucency parameters
    Xiong Fang, Xia Hui
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  281-285.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.010
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    Objective This study aims to compare the three commonly used translucency parameters in prosthodontics: transmittance (T), contrast ratio (CR), and translucency parameter (TP). Methods Six platelet specimens were composed of Vita enamel and dental porcelain. The initial thickness was 1.2 mm. The specimens were gradually ground to 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 mm. T, color parameters, and reflection were measured by a spectrocolorimeter for each corresponding thickness. T, CR and TP were calculated and compared. Results TP increased, whereas CR decreased, with decreasing thickness. Moreover, T increased with decreasing thickness, and exponential relationships were found. Two-way ANOVA showed statistical signi-ficance between T and thickness, except between T and the 1.2 mm and 1.0 mm enamel porcelain groups. No difference was found among the coefficient variations (CV) of T, CR and TP. Curve fitting indicated the existence of exponential relationships between T and CR and between T and TP. The values for goodness of fit with statistical significance were 0.951 and 0.939, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Under the experimental conditions, T, TP and CR achieved the same CV. T and TP, as well as T and CR, were found with exponential relationships. The value of CR and TP could not represent the translucency precisely, especially when comparing the changing ratios.
    Soluble programmed death-1 and soluble programmed death ligand 1 protein expression and immune status in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer
    Jiang Nan, Luo Liang, Liu Li, Sun Xiaoqin, Jiang Xing, Cai Yang.
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  286-290.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.011
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    Objective This study aims to investigate the possible role and significance of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1)? /soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in the immune pathogeneses of recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU). Methods A total of 30 RAU cases (18 cases of minor RAU, 5 cases of major RAU, and 7 cases of herpetiform ulcers) were enrolled in this study. A total of 18 healthy people served as controls. Lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD16++56+) were investigated by flow cytometric analysis. Humoral immunity (IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4) was explored by nephelometry immunoassay. The sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the sera of RAU patients were investigated by enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay. The correlations of the sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels with the immune status and clinical characteristics of the RAU patients were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results The number of CD4+ T cells decreased and the levels of IgM antibodies increased in the RAU patients relative to those in the normal controls (P<0.05). The sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the RAU patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the sPD-1 and sPD-L1 protein levels in the patients with minor and major RAU were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). By contrast, no significant difference was found in the patients with herpetiform RAU (P>0.05). Positive correlations were noted between the sPD-1 protein level and the CD19+ cell frequency or C4 level (r1=0.389, P1=0.034; r2=0.382, P2=0.037). Conclusion Cellular immune hypofunction and humoral immunity disorders were found in the RAU patients. The PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, which might be influenced by the involvement of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 proteins to a certain extent, may play some roles in the immune pathogenesis of RAU.
    Orginal Article
    Association between non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and environmental factors in Ningxia
    Lili Yu, Jian Ma, Junpeng Gao, Kun Zhai, Jinfang Zhu, Yongqing Huang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  291-295.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.012
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    Objective To investigate the association between non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) and environmental factors in Ningxia population. Methods This case-control study involved 453 NSCL/P patients and 452 normal newborns from Ningxia. A questionnaire focusing on various factors, including family history, pregnancy reaction, drug use during pregnancy, and infections, was used and responses were analyzed through Chi-square test and Logistic regres-sion analysis with SPSS 16.0. Results The constituent ratio of different types of NSCL/P was cleft lip∶cleft lip and palate∶cleft palate equal to 1︰2.02︰1.51. Logistic regression analysis revealed that abnormal pregnancy, infection, abortion, drugs, drinking, smoking, and living near factories likely increased the risk of NSCL/P (P<0.05). Single fetus, pregnancy-related nausea, vomiting, parents’ moderate tastes, and eating soy foods and fruits decreased the risk of NSCL/P (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of NSCL/P should be reduced to enhance the conditions of women during pregnancy by maintaining a balanced diet and avoiding infections, abortion, drugs, and negative habits.

    Velopharyngeal closure pattern and speech performance among submucous cleft palate patients
    Heng Yin, Chunli Guo, Bing Shi, Yang Li, Jingtao. Li
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  296-300.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.013
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    Objective To characterize the velopharyngeal closure patterns and speech performance among submucous cleft palate patients. Methods Patients with submucous cleft palate visiting the Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University between 2008 and 2016 were reviewed. Outcomes of subjective speech evaluation including velopharyngeal function, consonant articulation, and objective nasopharyngeal endoscopy including the mobility of soft palate, pharyngeal walls were retrospectively analyzed. Results A total of 353 cases were retrieved in this study, among which 138 (39.09%) demonstrated velopharyngeal competence, 176 (49.86%) velopharyngeal incompetence, and 39 (11.05%) marginal velopharyngeal incompetence. A total of 268 cases were subjected to nasopharyngeal endoscopy examination, where 167 (62.31%) demonstrated circular closure pattern, 89 (33.21%) coronal pattern, and 12 (4.48%) sagittal pattern. Passavant’s ridge existed in 45.51% (76/167) patients with circular closure and 13.48% (12/89) patients with coronal closure. Among the 353 patients included in this study, 137 (38.81%) presented normal articulation, 124 (35.13%) consonant elimination, 51 (14.45%) compensatory articulation, 36 (10.20%) consonant weakening, 25 (7.08%) consonant replacement, and 36 (10.20%) multiple articulation errors. Conclusion Circular closure was the most prevalent velopharyngeal closure pattern among patients with submucous cleft palate, and high-pressure consonant deletion was the most common articulation abnormality. Articulation error occurred more frequently among patients with a low velopharyngeal closure rate.

    Analysis of the current status of research on human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancers based on recent Chinese literature
    Yan Liu, Mingxin Cao, Jiashun Wu, Xiaolei Gao, Xinhua Liang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  301-310.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.014
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    Objective To analyze the current status of research on human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancers in China using national and international references. Methods We searched for bibliographies in the electronic databases of Sichuan University, including Chinese Biological and Medical Database (CBM), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Journal Database. Then, data was selected and extracted to analyze the basic characteristics of HPV-related head and neck cancers, the general prevalence of HPV, and the effects of various clinic pathological indicators on HPV patients. Results The general prevalence of HPV was 34.05% among civil patients with head and neck cancers. Our analysis of different clinical and pathological indices that affect HPV-associated oral squamous cell carcinomas revealed that non-smoking and non-drinking groups had higher HPV infection rates compared with smoking (P=0.002) and drinking (P<0.005) groups. In addition, N2-N3 stage patients had higher detectable rates than N0-N1 stage patients (P=0.027). Conclusion The majority of civil research studies on HPV-associated head and neck cancers are concentrated on clinical studies. Thus, the molecular neuropathology and signaling pathway of HPV should be further explored in the future to advance prognostic methods. Moreover, the perspective view of therapeutic vaccines and molecular-targeting treatments should receive close attention.

    Clinical significance of CD44 and CD133 expression in oral potentially malignant disorder and oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Jiajia Qi, Yan Sun, Changqing Yuan, Wenjing Jiang, Han Zhao, Yuanpan Cao, Qiuyan Liu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  311-316.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.015
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    Objective This study aims to investigate the expression and relationship of CD44 and CD133 in normal oral mucosa, oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This work also analyzes the relationship between such expression and clinical factors. This study intends to evaluate the clinical value of using CD44 and CD133 as indices to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of OPMD. Methods Clinical data from 60 patients with OPMD, 60 patients with OSCC, and 10 cases of normal oral mucosa were analyzed. Double immunohistochemical analysis was applied to investigate the expression of CD44 and CD133 in paraffin sections of normal oral mucosa, OPMD, and OSCC tissues. Subsequently, the relationships between such expression and clinical factors were analyzed. Results The positive rates of CD44 expression in the normal oral mucosa, OPMD, and OSCC tissues were 100.00%, 96.67%, and 71.67% (P<0.05), res-pectively. Meanwhile, the positive rates of CD133 expression in the normal oral mucosa, OPMD, and OSCC tissues were 0.00%, 35.00%, and 63.33% (P<0.05), respectively. The expression of CD44 and CD133 was found to be correlated (P<0.05). Such expression was related to the clinical stages and lymphatic metastasis of OSCC (P<0.05). Conclusion CD44 and CD133 can be used individually as clinical indices to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of OPMD.

    Inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of total saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis on the prolifera-tion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma ACC-83 cells
    Qiumin He, Biao Xu, Weihong Wang, Chongyun Bao, Shao-wei Hu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  317-321.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.016
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    Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of total saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis on the proliferation of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma ACC-83 cells. Methods In vitro cell culture was performed. The proliferation of ACC-83 cells treated with different concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg·mL-1) of total saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis was observed using CCK-8 assay. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of ACC-83 cells treated with different concentrations (25, 50, 100 μg·mL-1) of the total saponins was observed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD74 were measured using Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results The total saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis induced apoptosis and expressed dose-effect relationship. ACC-83 cells expressed MIF and CD74, and the total saponins suppressed MIF and CD74 expression in ACC-83 cells. Conclusion The total saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis can significantly inhibit the proliferation, suppress MIF and CD74 expression, and promote apoptosis in ACC-83 cells. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma using Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

    Relationship between oral and gut microbes
    Xingqun Cheng, Xin Xu, Xuedong. Zhou
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  322-327.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.017
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    Oral cavity?and gut are important parts of the human digestive tract. The structure and pathogenesis of oral and gut microbial communities have been extensively investigated. The interaction and pathogenic effects of oral and gut micro-biota have also been widely explored. This review aimed to integrate data from literature and discuss the structures and func-tions of microbial communities in the oral cavity and gut. The mutual colonization and pathogenesis of oral and gut microbes and the relationship between these phenomena and involved systemic diseases are also described.

    Expression and function of microRNAs in enamel development
    Yachuan Zhou, Xuedong Zhou, Liwei. Zheng
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  328-333.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.018
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    microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short, noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs are involved in multiple developmental events in various tissues and organs, including dental enamel development. Any disruption during enamel development may result in inherited enamel malformations. This article reviews the expression and function of miRNAs in enamel development.

    Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in chronic periodontitis
    Li Xiaoguang, Wang Yizhu, Guo Bin.
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2017, 35(3):  334-338.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.019
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    Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and ideal adult stem cells for alveolar bone regeneration consi-derably help restore the structure and function of the periodontium and promote the healing of periodontal disease. Thus, BMSC features, especially the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation, has recently become a research hotspot. Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), which is the main factor in the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment, is directly related to the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Exploring the TNF-α-regulated differentiation mechanism of BMSCs aids in the search for new treatment targets. Such investigation also promotes the development of stem cell therapy for periodontal diseases. This article aims to describe the potential of TNF-α in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.