This paper introduced the key points in fabricating anterior esthetic restorations with all ceramic mate¬rials, including pre -operative smile design, standard tooth preparation, provisional restoration fabrication, all ceramic materials selection, all ceramic restoration bonding, ceramic crack and fracture prevention. And then, the authors sum¬marized and reviewed the clinical common problems in anterior esthetic restorations.

Objective  To investigate the expression of β-dystroglycan (β-DG) and the roles of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) on β-DG in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) . Methods  β-DG in highly lung metastatic cell line ACC-M and lowly lung metastatic one ACC-2 was tested by immunocytochemistry with different concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25 μmol ? L-1) of TIMPs, and that without the regulation of TIMPs was served as controls. β-DG was detected in seven specimens of SACC and ten cases of normal salivary gland tissues which were considered as a comparison group by immunohistochemistry. Results  There was no positive β-DG immune-staining at the ACC-2 and ACC-M cell lines without TIMPs in the cell culture. β-DG expressed after the regulation of TIMPs. β-DG expression was localized predominantly in basement membrane of the acinus, while the negative results were distributed in the carcinoma cells and around the cancer cell nests. Conclusion  β-DG is widely expressed by transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, the fracture of this structure means that it is easy to invade and transfer, so restoration of β-DG expression by TIMPs is considered to be critical for successful treatment of SACC.

Objective  To study the effects of experimentally created unilateral anterior crossbite prosthesis on the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide(PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone receptor-1(PTH1R) in mandibular condylar cartilage of SD rat. Methods In experimental groups, the unilateral anterior crossbite metal prosthesis was cemented to the left incisors of the maxilla and mandible of 6-week-old SD rats, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining were carried out for studying the morphological changes of the condylar cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) analysis were performed to detect the levels of expression of PTHrP and PTH1R in the condylar cartilages. Results  The obvious degenerative changes were found in the condylar cartilages in experimental group at 8 weeks. Comparing to the control group, the expression of PTHrP mRNA(P<0.01) and protein (P<0.01) in the experimental group were increased， whereas PTH1R mRNA(P<0.01) and protein(P<0.01) levels were decreased. Conclusion  The expression of PTHrP was increased in the condylar cartilage of rat with unilateral anterior crossbite metal prosthesis but its effects might be limited because of decreased expression of PTH1R in the condylar cartilage. The low level expression of PTH1R should be a part of the constitution of the molecular pathomechanism of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJOA)-like lesion.

Objective  To study the microstructure of the Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane and investigate its biocompatibility. Methods  The microstructure of Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane and e-polytetra fluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) . MG63 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the two kinds of membrane and blank group. The cell proliferation was checked by methyl thiazolyl te- trazolium (MTT) method and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The adhesion and proliferation of the cells on the two kinds of membrane was observed by SEM. Results  The Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane was composed of the obverse face and the opposite face. The obverse face was porous and the opposite face was smooth. Microstructures of the obverse and the opposite face of the e-PTFE membrane were same. The e-PTFE membrane showed many tiny lined cracks in elliptic structure. MTT assay and ALP measurement showed that there were no significant difference between each of the two membrane groups and the blank (P>0.05). The adhesion and proliferation of cells on the Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane were better than the e-PTFE membrane. Conclusion  Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane has no negative effects on the growth of osteoblast-like cells. Ag-nHA-nTiO2/PA66 membrane is biocompatible and its microstructure is appropriate as a guided bone regeneration materials.

Objective  To compare the differences of the efficacy and adverse reaction of Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) treatment to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at four different daily time points, and to analyze the characteristics of circadian rhythms. Methods Seventy-five nude mice were placed under 12 h light and 12 h dark cycles. Human OSCC cell line BcaCD885 was inoculated on the cheek of nude mice to establish a nude mice model of OSCC. After 3 weeks, mice were divided into 5 groups (4 experimental groups and 1 control group) , with 15 in each group. L-OHP (17 mg·kg-1) was injected intravenously at 4 different time points during a period of 24 h, including 4 hours after lights on (HALO), 10 HALO, 16 HALO and 22 HALO for 4 experimental groups. The control group received normal saline of the same volume as that of L-OHP. The efficacy (tumor inhibition rate and survival time) and adverse reaction (body weight, white blood cell and perianal swelling) were observed after administration. The circadian rhythms of the efficacy and adverse reaction were examined by cosine analysis. Results  L-OHP injected at 4, 16 and 22 HALO had great tumor inhibition rates, however, only 16 and 22 HALO groups significantly prolonged survival time of mice. The adverse reactions at 4 and 10 HALO were significantly severer than that of 16 and 22 HALO. Cosine analysis showed survival time, body weight and white blood cell counts had significant circadian rhythms. Mice received L-OHP at 14.88 HALO had the longest survival time. Conclusion  The time factor should be considered in L-OHP chronchemotherapy of patients with OSCC in order to increase the efficacy, decrease the adverse reaction of the drug and to improve the life quality of patients with OSCC.

Objective  To screen of high cariogenicity Streptococcus mutan( (S. mutans) strains isolated from clinical specimens preliminary. Methods  Acidogenicity, aciduricity, extracellular polysaccharide production and adhesion of 41 strains of S. mutans isolated from clinical specimens were investigated to screen high cariogenicity S. mutans strains. Results There were different cariogenicity among 41 strains of S. mutans, in which 3 strains of S. mutans had all high ability to produce extracellular polysaccharide, adhere to the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, produce acid and tolerate acid, indicated there were 3 strains with high cariogenicity S. mutans strains isolated from clinical specimens. Another 3 strains of S. mutans with all low ability to produce extracellular polysaccharide, adhere to the saliva-coated hydroxyapa- tite, produce acid and tolerate acid indicated they were low cariogenicity S. mutans strains isolated from clinical specimens. Conclusion  We may have obtained high cariogenicity S. mutans strains isolated from clinical specimens.

Objective  To observe the effect of OHOLV on the remineralization of early enamel caries. Methods  Fifty bovine teeth with artificial early caries were divided into five groups randomly and treated with OHOLV, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), NaF, OHOLV+NaF and distilled and deionized water (DDW) respectively. Then the teeth were subjected to the pH -cycling. The surface microhardness (SMH) of enamel before demineralization and after remineralization were measured by microhardness detector and the histomorphologic changes of the enamel surface were compared by scanning election microscope (SEM) . Results  The SMH of all the experi - mental groups increased significantly after remineralization (P<0.001) . The SMH of the OHOLV group was lower than that of NaF group (P<0.001) , while there was no significant difference between the OHOLV group and the CPP-ACP group (P>0.05) . After remineralization, a large amount of comparatively large mineral particles deposited on the surface of the enamel treated with OHOLV. Conclusion  OHOLV can promote the remineralization of the early enamel caries.

Objective  To evaluate the molecular mechanism of proliferation and invasion inhibition in oral squamous cell carcinoma transfected with recombinant adenovirus-p53 (Ad-p53) . Methods  Tca8113 cell lines were transfected with Ad-p53. Then the effect of p53 overexpression on cancer cells proliferation and invasion was observed. The expression of mitogen -activated protein kinase (MAPK) , serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling pathway related proteins, cell cycle and apoptosis related proteins Cyclin D1, P21 and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blotting analysis. Results  After transfected with Ad-p53, the proliferation and invasion of Tca8113 cells were significantly inhibited (P<0.01) and the apoptosis of Tca8113 cells significantly increased (P<0.001). The results of Western blotting demonstrated that the protein expression of P53 and P21 significantly increased, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 protein expression and phosphorylation of AKT protein significantly decreased (P<0.01) . Conclusion  The AKT signaling pathway may be a key molecular mechanism for proliferation and invasion inhibition of oral squamous cell carcinoma caused by p53. The protein of Cyclin D1, P21 and Bcl-2 may be the downstream targets of AKT signaling pathway. This may provide a new evidence for AKT pathway and downstream targets as a promising therapeutic target for malignant tumors.

Objective  To construct a three -dimensional finite element model of the upper airway and adjacent structure of an obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patient for biomechanical analysis. And to study the influence of glossopharyngeum of an OSAHS patient with three -dimensional finite element model during titrated mandible advancement. Methods  DICOM format image information of an OSAHS patient，upper airway was obtained by thin-section CT scanning and digital image processing were utilized to construct a three-dimensional finite element model by Mimics 10.0, Imageware 10.0 and Ansys software. The changes and the law of glossopharyngeum were observed by biomechanics and morphology after loading with titrated mandible advancement. Results  A three -dimensional finite element model of the adjacent upper airway structure of OSAHS was established successfully. After loading, the transverse diameter of epiglottis tip of glossopharyngeum increased significantly, although the sagittal diameter decreased correspondingly. The principal stress was mainly distributed in anterior wall of the upper airway. The location of principal stress concentration did not change significantly with the increasing of distance. The stress of glossopharyngeum increased during titrated mandible advancement. Conclusion  A more precise three -dimensional finite model of upper airway and adjacent structure of an OSAHS patient is established and improved efficiency by Mimics, Image ware and Ansys software. The glossopharyngeum of finite element model of OSAHS is analyzed by titrated mandible advancement and can effectively show the relationship between mandible advancement and the glossophaiyngeum.

Objective  To investigate the effect of modified bone morphogenetic protein -2 polylactic acid nanospheres (BMP-2-PLA-Ns) sustained-release system on rabbit mandibular defect repair. Methods  The polylactic acid snanospheres (PLA-Ns) and BMP-2-PLA -Ns were prepared by ultrasonic emulsification after graft polymerization. Forty-five rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: Blank group, PLA-Ns gel group (control group), and BMP- 2-PLA-Ns gel group (experimental group). The rabbit mandibular defect models were established. The defect area of control group was implanted with PLA-Ns gel, meanwhile, the experimental group was implanted with BMP-2-PLA-Ns gel, the blank group experienced no special handling. Rabbits were killed in 1, 2, 4 weeks after operation and the iconography, hematine eosin (HE) staining and PCNA immunohistochemistry were used to detect the reparative effect on rabbit mandible defects. Results  Image observation showed that bone defect repair in the experimental group was well and the shadow was not obvious. Better repair effect was seen compared with the control group and blank group. HE staining showed that the experimental group and the control group had a large number of neovascularization and secondary callus formation, callus in experimental group was obviously higher than that of control group and blank group. Immunohistochemical observation showed that the experimental group' s PCNA positive chondrocytes were more than those in the control group and the blank group in the first 2 weeks; all groups of PCNA positive cells were rare in the fourth week, PCNA positive expression rate of the fourth week was lower than that of the first 2 weeks. Conclusion  The modified BMP-2-PLA-Ns sustained-release system promotes mandibular defect repair obviously.

Objective To analyze the effect on pronunciation and comfort level when 4 different major connectors (type 1: Palatal plate; type 2: Single palatal strap; type 3: Anterior-posterior joint palatal strap; type 4: Anterior-posterior joint palatal bar) were used in patients with Kennedy I deletion. Methods  Tirty young volunteers were chosen to wear 4 different major connectors. The pronunciation of consonants /s/, /t/, /j/, /sh/ were detected and the different formant parameters (F1 and F2) were analyzed by the computer speech analytical system. The comfort levels of 4 major connectors were compared by questionnaire survey. Results   1) There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in pronunciation of consonants /s/, /sh/, /t/ (F1 and F2) among the 4 types of connectors whatever wearing or not, but there was significant difference (P<0.05) in pronunciation of consonant /j/ among wearing type 3, type 4 and no wearing. 2) There was no significant difference in comfort level (P>0.05) among the four connectors. Conclusion    The effect on pronunciation of patients with Kennedy I deletion was less when wearing the first and the second types of connectors than that of wearing the third and the fourth types of connectors. There was no significant difference in comfort level among the four connectors.

Objective   To compare the penetration abilities of resin infiltration into proximal lesions in primary molars and permanent posterior teeth in vitro. Methods  Extracted or exfoliated primary molars (n=32) and permanent posterior teeth (n =36) with proximal white spot lesions were selected. Roots of the teeth were removed, and the crowns were cut across the caries lesions perpendicular to the surface. Cut surfaces were examined with stereo microscopy and classified with respect to histological lesion extension (C1-C4) : Lesions confined to the outer half on enamel (C1) , lesions confined to the inner half on enamel (C2) , lesions confined to the outer half on dentin (C3), lesions extending into the inner half of dentin (C4) . C4 were excluded. Caries lesions were etched for 2 min with 15% hydrochloric acid gel and were subsequently treated for 5 min with resin infiltration. Thin sections from each lesion were prepared and specimens were observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) through a dualfluorescence staining technique. Lesion depth (LD) and penetration depth (PD) of resin infiltration were measured in primary molars and permanent posterior teeth in confocal microscopic images, and percentage penetration (PP) were calculated respectively. The date were collected and analyzed. Results  There were no significant differences for overall PP in primary molars and permanent posterior teeth groups (P>0.05) . However, the penetration abilities in primary molars were slight higher than those in permanent posterior teeth in C1 group (P<0.05) . The penetration abilities had no significant difference in primary molars and permanent posterior teeth in both C2 and C3 groups (P>0.05) . Conclusion   Resin infiltration have satisfied penetration abilities in primary molars and permanent posterior teeth with proximal initial lesions. The better penetration abilities of resin infiltration in primary molars are shown in C1 lesions than those in permanent posterior teeth.

Objective  To investigate the expression and the distribution of human β defensin (hBD)-4 in healthy gingiva. Methods  Healthy gingival specimens were collected. The expression of hBD-4 peptides in 18 gingival specimens were detected by immunohistochemistry. The hBD-4 mRNA were determined in freshly isolated gingival tissue by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) in 30 gingival specimens. Results  In 18 gingival specimens, hBD-4 peptides were expressed in 13 gingival specimens. In 30 gingival specimens, hBD-4 were detected in 4 gingival specimens by real time RT-PCR. Conclusion  The distribution and the expression levels of hBD-4 are different in healthy gingiva. This result may suggest that the hBD-4 play a role in maintaining the periodontal health.

Objective  To evaluate the effective of transconjunctival approach in treating orbitozygomatic complex fractures. Methods  Fifty-four transconjunctival incisions were applied to correct enophthalmos and face collapse in 46 patients who suffered by orbitozygomatic complex fractures. All operative procedures were performed with an additional lateral canthotomy (5-10 mm) and 43 of them with gingivobuccal sulcus incisions simultaneously. The infraorbital rim and lateral orbital wall were stabilized with titanium plates. Titanium nets were used to reconstruct the comminuted orbit floor fractures. Results  The bilateral zygomaticas of 46 cases with orbitozygomatic complex fractures were basically symmetric, and the eyeball positions were reset anatomically. The treatment effectiveness were satisfactory. There were no obvious postoperative complications, except one corneal epithelium stripped on the right side and one overtime swelling of conjunctiva which cured after relevant treatments. Conclusion  The transconjunctival approach has good exposure to the orbital floor without visible scar and injury to facial nerve branches, it is a preferable procedure to reconstruct orbitozygomatic fractures.

Objective    To study the regularity of the passive tensile of the masticatory muscles and ligaments by Twin-Block appliance under various bite reconstruction, and to provide some biomechanical references for the clinical use and improvement of Twin-Block appliance. Methods  "Temporomandibular joint, mandible and Twin-Block appliance" model was set up by the three dimensional finite element method, and the related masticatory muscles and ligaments were added on it. Seven experimental groups were designed according to the clinical and research, the occlusal inclined plate' angles of Twin-Block appliance were 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65° and 70°. The passive tensile in the masticatory muscles and ligaments were analyzed by the computer. Results   Under various experimental groups, the passive tensile in the anterior deep masseter (AM), the posterior deep masseter (PM) , the anterior temporalis (AT), the posterior temporalis (PI), the stylomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament improved with the increased slant angles of occlusal guide. The maximum value of the passive tensile was 82.57 N, the minimum value was 0.07 N. Conclusion    1) In various experimental groups, AT, AM, PM, PT, stylomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament are subject to passive tension force in the process of Twin-Block appliance guiding the mandibular forward and play the important role on the remodeling of the mandible. 2) All groups of occlusal inclined plate's angle are in physiologically tolerable range and can be used in clinic.

Objective   To study the status quo of oral professional and technical personnel of Guyuan city, Ningxia. Methods   In consultation with Administrative Department of Public Health, all oral health institutions by age, gender, education, professional, and department in four counties (Longde, Jingyuan, Pengyang and Xiji) and Yuanzhou district in Guyuan City were investigated. The distribution, basic information, professional branch, ratio with the amount of health system medical staff and population were analyzed. Results  All comprehensive hospital at the county level and above set up department of stomatology. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, health inspection bureau, maternity and child health care bureau and 78.46% town health center didn’t set up department of stomatology. Oral professional and technical personnel of Guyuan city in number was 115 and mainly young doctors, men were more than women. On education, the tertiary education was mostly received. On professional title, number of middle and senior professional title was relatively small. On profession, multi-disciplinary was common. The ratio of oral professional to general medical staff were 1:30，to local population was 1:13 thousands. Conclusion   The education and professional title of oral professional and technical personnel should be improved. It is recommended that comprehensive hospitals above the county level should branch in Stomatology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, health inspection bureau, maternity and child health care bureau and town health center should offer services of stomatology, at least provide one dental professional and technical personnel in each place.

Objective  To investigate the consonant pronunciation characteristics of older unoperated cleft palate patients. Methods   One hundred unoperated cleft palate patients (more than 8 years old) were included. Subjective speech assessment was delivered to each patient. The incidence and distribution of varies consonant misarticulation errors consisting of manners and places of articulation were summarized. Results  Consonant misarticulation existed among 86% of all cases. Compensatory misarticulation was observed in 66% patients， while 14% patients demonstrated completely normal articulation. The articulation manners of the highest correction rate, in succession, were nasals, lateral, fricatives, stops, and affricates. The error type of stops and affricates mainly consisted of compensation and omission. The articulation places of the highest correction rate, in succession, were bilabial, alveolar, linguadental, and velar. Conclusion   Compensatory, omission, and substitution, which happen in all the stops, fricatives and affricates, are the top three misarticulation. The misarticulation incidence of unaspirated sound is higher than that of aspirated. Compensatory errors a the most common ones in aspirated sounds, while omission and weak pressure are more frequent in unaspirated sounds. Weak pressure is mainly observed in unaspirated consonants. As the articulation spot move backward, the compensation of fricatives and stops deteriorate, the omission of affricates increase.

Objective  To evaluate the effects of non-Saccharomyces albicans metabolic products on the cell cycle distribution and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell ECV304 cells in vitro. Methods The parallel dilution supernatant of Saccharomyces tropicalis, Saccharomyces krusei and Saccharomyces glabrata were prepared, and 1, 4, 16-fold (s) diluted concentration and control group were set up. The line of human umbilical vein endothelial cell ECV304 was cultured in vitro and treated by non -Saccharomyce s albicans supernatant. The proliferous effect of ECV304 induced by non-Saccharomyces albicans supernatant after 24, 48, 72 h was detected by the methods of MTT, and the changes of cell density and cycle after 48 h were investigated by inverted microscope and flow cytometry. Results  At the 24th hour, all of the higher concentration (1 -folc) of non -Saccharomyce s albicans supernatant and the 4-folds diluted Saccharomyces krusei could promote ECV304 proliferation (P<0.05). After adding various non-Saccharo- myces albicans supernatant at 48th and 72th hour, Saccharomyces krusei supernatant and Saccharomyces glabrata supernatant significantly increased proliferation rate of ECV304, while Saccharomyces tropicalis supernatant group showed no significant change no matter which concentration was tested. At 48th hour after adding the non-Saccharomyces albicans supernatant, the ECV304 cells density treated by Saccharomyces krusei supernatant and Saccharomyces glabrata supernatant were significantly higher under the inverted microscope. The G0/G1 population of ECV304 cells decreased   while cell proliferation index (PI) increased after incubated with Saccharomyces krusei supernatant and Saccharomyces glabrata supernatant for 48 hours (P<0.05). Saccharomyce s tropicalis group showed no significant change (P>0.05) . Conclusion  The metabolic products of Saccharomyces krusei and Saccharomyces glabrata could induce proliferation of ECV304 cell, which suggests non-Saccharomyces albicans should be undergone more attention clinically in detection and treatment.

Objective  To investigate the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis. Methods  Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with 1 jxg ? mL-1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h or 48 h. Expression and release of HMGB1 were checked by immunofluorescence and enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , respectively. PBMC were stimulated with 100 ng·mL-1 HMGB1 or 50 ng ? mL-1 tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) , the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB1 in the supernatant were studied by ELISA. Gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) were collected from patients and healthy people. Expression of HMGB1 in gingival tissues and GCF was studied using immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. Results  HMGB1 was translocated from nucleus to cytosol in PBMC after LPS stimulation for 24 h. The content of HMGB1 in the supernatant from stimulated cells was significantly higher than that from unstimulated cells after 48 h (P<0.01). HMGB1 was released by PBMC in response to TNF-α stimulation, it also stimulated PBMC to release TNF-α(P<0.01). Translocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytosol was also found in infiltrated cells in gingival tissues from patients, and HMGB1 in GCF from patients was significantly higher than that from healthy people (P<0.01). Conclusion  The results suggest that HMGB1 may play an important role in the pathological progress of chronic periodontitis.

 Objective  To compare the bactericidal efficacy of two different cold plasma (glow discharge and dielectric barrier discharge) treatments on root canal infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro. Methods  One hundred and twenty teeth infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in the roots for seven days were divided into twelve groups randomly. Two served as negative control group (gas only, no discharge) . Five were teeth treated by dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma and the other five were treated by glow discharge cold plasma. The treatment time in each five groups was 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min, respectively. The disinfection of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was evaluated by colony forming unit (CFU) counting. The plasma component produced by different devices was analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) . Results  Comparing the two plasma treatments, the plasma produced by dielectric barrier discharge had better bactericidal effect than that produced by glow discharge at different treatment time (P<0.05) . The advantage was obvious with the time getting longer. The OES indicated that active components of the two type plasmas were similar. But the peak of excited Ar atom of dielectric barrier discharge was twice as that of glow discharge. Conclusion  The cold plasma produced by dielectric barrier discharge has more bactericidal efficiency in the treatment of root canal infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.

Objective  To investigate the effects of Osterix (Osx) overexpression on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells in response to mechanical force. Methods Human periodontal ligament cells were isolated and cultured in vitro with explant method. Cells were transfected with either an Osx expression vector pcDNA3.1 flag-Osx or the mock control vector pcDNA3.1 flag. Then, cells were centrifuged for 6 h. After transfection and cen- trification, the expression of Osx mRNA and protein in untransfected cells, mock-transfected cells and Osx-transfected cells were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. Furthermore, the changes of mRNA expressions of core-binding factor a1 (Cbfa1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , osteopontin (OPN) , osteocalcin (OC) , bone sialoprotein (BSP) and collagen protein a1 (Col I ) genes were measured to assess the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Results  At 24 h after transfection, Osx mRNA and protein level increased significantly in Osx-transfected cells (P<0.01) , while there were no significant difference in Osx mRNA and protein levels between mock-transfected cells and untransfected cells (P>0.05) . Simultaneously, the upregulated mRNA expressions of all the five osteogenic genes were observed (P<0.05, P<0.01) . After 6 h of mechanical stimulation, a significant increase in Osx expression was shown in all three groups. However, compared to mock-transfected and untransfected cells, Osx-transfected cells further showed the highest Osx mRNA and protein expression level. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of all five osteogenic markers in Osx-transfected cells also exhibited the greater increase and showed the highest levels. Conclusion The overexpression of Osx promotes the mechanical stress-induced osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Osx may be essential for mechanical stress-induced differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells to osteoblastic-like cells and be involved in orthodontic osteogenic remodeling.

Objective  To construct an double-layered tube-shaped poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold composited with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) / platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , and to evaluate in vivo the axial vascularization from femoral arteriovenous bundle encapsulated. Methods   Eighteen male adult New Zealand rabbits were assigned randomly into 3 groups: Experimental group (n=8) , experimental control group (n =8), empty control group (n=2). The femoral arteriovenous bundle were separated and encapsulated in double-layered tubeshaped PLGA scaffold prepared by solution casting and particle leaching. According to the way of cell factors being composited to the prepared double-layered scaffold: 1) experimental group: VEGF in inner layer and PDGF in outer layer; 2) experimental control group: VEGF in inner layer with blank outer layer; 3) empty control group: Pure blank. Specimens were retrieved at 7, 10, 14, 21 days postoperatively (7, 10 days in empty control group) . The histological evaluation was performed. Results  At 7 days postoperatively, blood vessel sprouts were observed in experimental group and experimental control group, radially from the central femoral arteriovenous bundle. At 10 days postoperatively, completely penetrations of the double-layered scaffold by abundant new generated blood vessel sprouts were observed, and density descended gradiently from inside to outside. At 14 days postoperatively, new blood vessels in experimental group showed more thickness and layered structure of the wall, while monolayer endothelial cells in experimental control group. At 21 days postoperatively, new blood vessels in experimental group showed more mature characteristics,while less density of blood vessels in experimental control group. There was no obvious blood vessel structure in empty control group. Conclusion  The double -layered tube-shaped PLGA scaffold composited with VEGF/PDGF could induce early angiogenesis.

Mucinous adenocarcinoma is a rare epithelial malignant tumor which usually arises in appendix, pancreas, breast and other sites, rarely occurs in salivary gland. In this article, a mucinous adenocarcinoma of salivary gland was reported and relevant literatures were reviewed.

Chronic periapical periodontitis is characterized by destruction of periapical tissue and demonstrates translucent feature under X -ray examination. In this article, a localized mineralized structure, which showed high density under X-ray examination, was reported in a patient with chronic periapical periodontitis of left maxillary first premolar. Possible causes of the structure were analyzed and relevant literatures were reviewed.

Contemporary orthodontic care should be a team approach to achieve health and esthetics of soft and hard tissue. It should be given enough attention that periodontal health provides the foundation for tooth movement, and that distinct esthetic results can be achieved by subtle changes in tooth alignment and gingival contours. Orthodontic treatment planning should include evaluation of gingival health and esthetics to anticipate the need for interdisciplinary approaches. Studies on the effect of orthodontic treatment on gingiva can provides basis for maintaining gingival health and esthetic. This article will focus primarily on the gingival health and esthetic care in orthodontic treatment.

Bacterium is dominant microflora population in human oral cavity, and the novel species and novel genus were discovered and named one after another. This article reviewed the major biological characteristics of 5 novel genus and 16 novel species isolated from the human oral cavity from 2009 to 2012.