Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing, also known as obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children, is caused by obstruction of upper airway, characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep despite the effort to breathe, and usually leads to reduction in oxygen saturation. Due to the importance of sufficient oxygen in growth and development, many children patients suffer from abnormal secretion of growth hormone at night, and also their activity and resting of cerebral cortex during sleep. Therefore, they face great risks in keeping normal physical growth, forming mental behavior, buildingup learning abilityandshaping personalities. It is a very importantinterdisciplinary subject, yet stillmuch remains unclear about the disease. Oral medicine is one of the subjects that show increasing importance in prevention and treatment of OSAHS in children. On one hand, due to the special means of the field, such as cephalometric, it can diagnose and monitor the development of craniofacial structures, especially the upper airway. On the other hand, it can provide treat-ments which can both improve breath during sleep and consequent dental facial deformities. Most typical treatments include mandibular sagittal growth stimulation, transverse maxillary palatal expansion and maxillary protraction. Oral medicine pro-vides additional treatment apart from traditional adenectomy and tonsilectomy to improve ventilation. It not only directly helps to improve deformities caused by sleep-disordered breathing in OSAHS children with indications, but also helps to avoid many of physical and mental complications, which will in turn benefit their life quality. Also, it may prospectively provide insights in treatment and prevention ofOSAHS in adults.

Objective This study aims to develop andobserveamodel systemofthe periapicalbiofilm structure of Entero-coccus faecalis (E. faecalis). Methods  A total of 24 intact human single-rooted premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected and randomly divided into eight groups (n=3). The specimens were subjected to ultraviolet disinfection, ino-culated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) suspension adjusted to 1×108CFU•mL-1, and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1, 2, and 7 d. Specimen groups were prepared for scanning electron microscope to examine the biofilm formation. The specimens in the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) groups were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and ConA-fluorescein iso-thiocyanate (ConA-FITC) to examine the biofilm formation. The images were randomized, and biofilm coverage (%) was assessed using Photoshop CS5. Results  The biofilm coverage (%) on the cementum increased with increasing incubation period. The biofilm coverage of the 7 d group was significantly higher than those of the 1 and 2 d groups (P<0.05). The values of the latter two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). Dense aggregations composed of E. faecalis and the amorphous matrix were observed on the root cementum surfaces of the specimens in the 7 d group. The bacteria were stained red by PI, and the matrix was stained green by ConA-FITC under CLSM observation. The biofilm coverage (%) on the samples inthe7 d group was17.23%±1.52%, showing multi-level space structure andwaterchannels. Conclusion  E. faecalis forms bacterialbiofilmsontherootcementumsurfacein7d. Thebiofilmswerecomposedof E. faecalis andtheamorphousmatrix.

Objective  To explore the expression of hepatitis B-virus X gene (HBX) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and determine its clinical significance. Methods  Between June 2008 and October 2012, in-hospital patients with salivary gland tumors who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, were enrolled to this study. HBeAb-positive patients were defined as those exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or harboring persistent HBV infection regardless of being HBeAg positive or negative. According to the pathological results,all patients were divided into ACC group and control group. Immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect HBX expression in ACC group and control group. Results  HBX expression was mostly detected in the cytoplasm of ACC cells. Minimal HBX expression was detected in the nucleus. HBX expression was significantly higher in ACC than in Warthin’s tumor. A significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion  HBX is expressed in ACC and may be associated with the development of ACC. HBX might serve important functions in the carcinogenesis and development of ACC.

Objective  To compare the accuracy of mesiodistal tooth angulation measurements by using traditional panoramic radiographs and cone beam CT (CBCT) panoramic images. Methods  Plaster models of 15 volunteers with individual normal occlusions were collected. The functional occlusal plane and tooth long axis on the plaster models were marked from the right first molar to the left first molar in the upper and lower dental arches. A radiographic stent,which contains radiopaque markers near the functional occlusal plane and approximating the root axis, was fabricated for each model. Traditional panoramic radiographs and CBCT scan images were obtained from each patient, with the radiographic stent seated on the dentition. A panoramic image reconstruction was made from the CBCT volumetric data by using related software. The CBCT panoramic image data were oriented parallel to the maxillary or mandibular functional occlusal plane containing all the radiopaque markers when measuring the maxillary or mandibular teeth, respectively. The mesiodistal tooth angulations of the plaster model, traditional panoramic radiographs, and CBCT panoramic images were measured and compared. Multivariate analysis of variance and Dunnett-t test were performed to compare the differences among the three methods. Results  The difference among the three methods was statistically significant (P=0.00). Significant differences compared with the model measurement were found in two teeth (upper second premolar and lower second premolar) among twelve teeth (P=0.00) in traditional panoramic measurement. CBCT panoramic measurement was not significantly different to model measurement. Conclusion  Traditional panoramic radiographs do not provide a more reliable measure of mesiodistal tooth angulation, whereas CBCT panoramic image is an effective tool for evaluating mesiodistaltoothangulation.

Objective  This study is conducted to explore new methods to perform surface biomodification of titanium implants and improve osteogenic efficiency. Methods  An RGD peptide and chitosan (CS) were combined by acylation reaction, forming RGD-CS. An RGD-CS/pDNA complex was subsequently prepared using a complex coacervation method and grafted on a pure titanium surface after physical and biochemical treatments were performed. The chemical structural characteristics of RGD-CS were evaluated using an infrared spectrometer and an elemental analyzer. The shape of this complex was then assessed by gel electrophoresis combined with atomic force microscopy. The grafting effect of this complex on the titanium surface was detected by EB staining. Results  CS and RGD peptides were coupled by an amide bond. The RGD-CS/pDNA complex was completely composited at N/P≥2. Atomic force microscopy results showed that the morpho-logy of this complex was mainly spherical. EB staining experiments showed that this complex was successfully grafted on the titanium plate. Conclusion  RGD peptide-modified CS can be used as a titanium implant surface plasmid package carrier of pDNA.

 Objective  The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of irradiation on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Methods  MC3T3-E1 cells were irradiated 24 h after initial seeding. Gamma-radiation was administered at 0, 4, and 8 Gy as single doses by using a 60Co source. Cell proliferation was assessed at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-irradiation by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide assay. The collagen secretion of the cells was measured through sirius red staining at day 12 post-irradiation. The expressions of osteogenesis-related genes were assessed throughreal time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction at day 16 post-irradiation. The matrixminera-lization caused by cells was evaluated through alizarin red staining at day 28 post-irradiation. Results  The cells exposed to 4 Gy or 8 Gy demonstrated significantly lower proliferation rates compared with the non-irradiated group. Doses of 4 Gy or more significantly inhibited the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes(Osterix and osteocalcin). Collagen secretion and cell mineralization were significantly reduced by the 8 Gy dose. Conclusion  60Co γ-rays dose-dependently suppress the proliferation, collagen secretion, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, radiation seems to dose-dependently inhibit the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes of the cells.

Objective  The aim of this study is to establish a transgenic mouse model for cleft palate relevant gene thyroid transcription factor-2(TTF-2), which can be used to study palatal shelf development when the expression pattern and regular activation of TTF-2 is altered. Methods The C57BL/6J mouse TTF-2 gene was cloned through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the mouse genomic DNA. The TTF-2 gene was inserted into the expression vector pBROAD3-mcs to construct the recombinant expression vector pBROAD3-TTF-2. This expression vector was then microinjected into the male pronuclei of the fertilized mouse ovum. Thus, the TTF-2 transgenic mice model was established. The genotype of the transgenic mice was identified by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry identifiedthe consistent expressionof TTF-2 gene during its palatal shelf development. Results  TTF-2 genes were microinjected into 982 fertilized ova. A total of 580 two-cell-stage embryos cultured and transplanted into the oviducts of 48 pseudopregnant female mice. Overall, 68 embryos were obtained for analysis. The genotype of the mice was determined through PCR and Southern blot analysis using genomic DNA extracted from tail biopsies of the transgenic fetus. A total of 13 TTF-2 transgenic mice were detected. The expression of TTF-2 gene during the palatal shelf development of the transgenic mice was consistently detected by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion  The recombinant expression vector pBROAD3-TTF-2wasintegratedintomousegenomethroughmicroinjection.The transgenic mouse in the palatal shelf that consistently expressed TTF-2 was successfully established and displayed a cleft palate phenotype.

Objective  This study evaluates piezosurgery for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) under local anesthesia. Methods  SARME was performed on adults with maxillary transverse deficiency under local anesthesia with a piezosurgical device. Fourteen patients (six males and eight females) underwent lateral maxillary osteotomies, midpalatal osteotomies, and bilateral pterygomaxillary disjunction. The feelings of patients during the operation were determined through questionnaires. Results  All patients underwent SARME in the out-patient operating room. The surgical procedures were completed under local anesthesia. All patients exhibited satisfactory tolerance. Ultrasonic bone-cutting surgery was recently introduced as a feasible alternative to the conventional tools of cranio-maxillofacial surgery for its technical characteristics of precision and safety. The device used was unique in that cutting action occurred when the tool was employed on mineralized tissues, but stoped on soft tissues. The results of the questionnaires showed that eight (57.14%) patients felt a mild sensation of ultrasonic vibration, tweleve (85.71%) felt mild tolerable pain and tooth soreness during surgery, and eleven (78.57%) felt little fear and hardly heard the ultrasonic sound. Preoperative and postoperative six months later measurements showed an evident effect of expansion. Conclusion  Piezosurgery enabled patients to undergo all the steps of SARME under local anesthesia,but more cases and longer follow-up are needed to verify the results.

 Objective  This study aims to explore the method that uses primary tumor contralateral facial artery musculocutaneous (FAMM) flap to reconstruct defects of the tongue and floor of mouth. Methods  Six cases were selected for the use of primary tumor contralateral FAMM flap to reconstruct tongue and floor of mouth defects after tumor resection. Results  The FAMM flap of the six cases had a long pedicle that could reach the contralateral tongue and floor of mouth. All flaps were intact until post-operation. All patients experienced post-operation complications, such as temporary facial tension and limited mouth opening, which improved after 3 months. Half a year later, the flaps still did not show signs of shrinking. Conclusion Features of the primary tumor contralateral FAMM flap include the tissue-like material provided for reconstructing tongue or floor of mouth defects, easy acquisition, and high survival rate with minimal donor site morbidity. As such, it is an ideal material for repairing tongue and floor of mouth defects.

Objective  To determinetheprevalenceofsaliva Helicobacter pylori inLanzhou andinvestigate Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Methods  Helicobacter pylori was detected through bacterial culture, Gram stain microscopy, and urease test from saliva samples collected from 941 residents of Lanzhou. The infection rate and growth of Helicobacter pylori among the residents were analyzed in terms of different oral health conditions, oral disease, gender, urban and rural status, and age. Results The rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva in Lanzhou was 42.72%. The status of Helicobacter pylori infection showed significant difference among subjects with different oral hygiene and oral diseases. The rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva among females was 47.89%, which was greater compared with the rate among males (38.45%, P=0.004, χ2=8.492). The rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva in the town was 33.99%, which was less than the rate for the villages (50.93%, P=0.000, χ2=27.551). The rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva among residents aged 10 to 59 showed a flat trend with no significant differences. However, the rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva among residents over 60 years old showed a significantincrease. Nosignificant difference was foundinthegrowth of saliva Helicobacter pylori (P=0.086). Conclusion The rate of Helicobacter pylori-positive saliva isrelated to thesubjects’ oralhygiene, oral disease, gender, age, and living conditions. 

Objective  This study aims to investigate the dental caries status of 12-year-old children (born in 1998) in Sichuan province in 2010 and 2011, monitor the tendency of dental caries, and update available information and scientific basis for oral health care program. Methods The oral health of 733 twelve-year-old children was surveyed for two consecutive years according to the methods proposed by the World Health Organization. The children were selected using multi-stage, stratified, randomized sampling. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. Results  Caries prevalence, DMFT, and DMFS in 12-year-old children were 34.8%, 0.93, and 1.09, respectively, and increased to 44.3%, 1.08, and 1.40 in the following year. The eruption of permanent teeth among females was higher than that of males (P<0.05). The significant caries index was 2.54 in 2010 and 2.90 in 2011. F/D+F were 4.2% and 6.5% separately. Annual incidence of dental caries was 9.6%. Conclusion  Caries prevalence in the permanent teeth of 12-year-olds is high and worsens as the children age. Despite thehigh incidence of dental caries,the filling rate is low, hencethe need forimmediate preventive measures.

Objective  This study aims to conduct a survey of the oral health status of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecturein Sichuan province. This study was also conducted to prepare caries prevention planning in the region. Methods  On the basis of the Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods of WHO and the Third National Oral Health Epidemiological Sample Survey Scheme, we investigated caries infecting disabled individuals who live in one big city (Xichang city), three counties (Bhutto county, Muli Tibetan autonomous county, and Huili county), and 46 towns and villages of Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province, by multistage stratified and cluster sampling. Results Among 3 439 disabled individuals, 2 085 were males and 1 354 were females; among these individuals, 815 live in the city and 2 624 live in rural areas. Furthermore, 2 177 were Han natives and 1 262 were Yi natives (ethnic). The caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 87.1% and 9.53, respectively. In Yi, the caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 85.8% and 9.93, respectively; in Han, the caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 87.9% and 9.29,respectively. No significant difference was found in the two groups of native (P>0.05). A very low filling rate of 0.2% was also recorded. Conclusion  Disabled individuals from Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province exhibited a high prevalence of caries in permanent teeth. The oral health statusof this special group of disabledindividuals shouldbe providedintensive care.

Objective  To summarize and analyze the cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging features of ameloblastomas for clinical preoperative diagnosis. Methods  Thirty-seven cases with complete data proven by pathology were retrospectively studied for distinct CBCT features. Results  Of the 37 cases, 31 were primary and 6 were recurrent. On CBCT images, the 37 cases were composed of 36 cases (97.3%) of intraosseous lesions (17 cases of multilocular lesions, 17 cases of unilocular lesions, and 2 cases of honeycomb lesion) and 1 case (2.7%) of extraosseous lesion (soft tissue lesion). Of the 17 multilocular cases, 15 (88.2%) showed tongue-shaped crests in lesions. Thirty-four cases (94.4%) showed apparent expansible change toward lip/buccal and(or) palatal/lingual sides of jaw,with partialcortical erosion. Conclusion  CBCT imaging yields accurate three-dimensional images of lesion shape and structure. Therefore, CBCT can be usedfor the clinical diagnosis and surgical assessment of ameloblastoma.

 Objective  To examine the oral health status among the orphan children and adolescents of Chongqing and assist in planning of the oral health programs. Methods  According to the third national oral health investigation of epidemiology, the dental caries, gingival bleeding and calculus was examined among 317 orphan living in Chongqing, by cluster sampling. The statistical software SPSS 17.0 was used for the data analysis. Results  In primary and permanent teeth, the prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFT (dmft) were found to be 50.00%, 1.94±2.81 and 39.53%, 0.90±1.38. There were no significant difference between female and male (P>0.05). But there was significant difference of the prevalence of per-manent tooth caries between the age group under 12 (include 12) and above 12 (P<0.05). It was also found that 35.25% of the orphan children and adolescents had caries in the first permanent molar, and there was significant difference between female and male (P<0.05). Neither of the caries teeth above was treated nor the healthy teeth were sealed. The prevalence rate of gingival bleeding was 78.22%, and the calculus rate was 67.66%. Conclusion  The oral status of the orphan is poor, and this community has experienced a low utilization of preventive or therapeutic oral health services. In the future work, orphans should be considered asapriority group when makeplansfor oral health care.

 Objective  To investigate the differences in the condylar position of subjects with skeletal class Ⅰ and skeletal class Ⅱ. To provide a basis of diagnosis and treatment. Methods  Group A was composed of 50 subjects with skeletal class Ⅰ(27 males and 26 females;age range=18 years to 30 years;mean age=26 years). Group B comprised 50 subjects with skeletal class Ⅱ(24 males and 26 females; age range=18 years to 28 years; mean age=25 years). The condylar position and the shapes of the condyle and the glenoid fossa were linearly measured on the sagittal and coronal sections by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results No statistically significant differences were found in the measurements of the condylar position between the sides of each group on the sagittal plane and the coronal plane (P>0.05). There were significant differences on the anterior space and the posterior space between group A and B (P<0.05). The A/P joint space ratio ofgroup A waslarger than that ofgroup B (P<0.05). Conclusion The subjectsof skeletalclass Ⅰ show an anteriorcondyleposition. The subjectsof skeletal class Ⅱ show a posterior condyleposition.

Objective  This study aims to survey the cognition and acceptance of implant dentures among Chengdu residents in 2005 and 2013 and to comparatively analyze the differences and influencing factors. Methods  A questionnaire was designed for this study. Its main content included basic demographics of respondents (gender, age, cultural level, and income level), cognition level of implant dentures (concept and main characteristics of implant dentures), main concern of respondents regarding implant dentures and medical institutions, and acceptance level of the price of implant dentures, among others. The sampling survey was carried out among Chengdu residents in 2005 and 2013 using the designed questionnaire. The results were then statistically analyzed. Results Up to 908 valid questionnaires in 2005 and 905 valid questionnaires in 2013 were obtained. The level of cognition of implant dentures was higher in 2013 than in 2005, and the correlation between cognition and cultural level and that between cognition and income level were both positive. However, the correlation between cognition and age was negative. The success rate for implant dentures and medical treatment technology of medical institutions were the factors that the respondents were mainly concerned with. The main methods for disseminating information on implant dentures were the internet, television, newspapers,magazines, and introductionby friends. Conclusion  With the development of the society’s economy and the improvement of culture and income level of Chengdu residents, the cognition and acceptance level of implant dentures have gradually increased. Meanwhile, health education and medical technology still needtobe strengthened.

 Objective  The clinical results of restoring defective teeth with two types of glass fiber prothetic systems is investigated to acquire clinical experience for further application of glass fiber posts with independent intellectual property rights. Methods A total of 120 out-patients with restored defective teeth were selected from the Department of Stomatology, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and randomly divided into two groups. OUYA FIBER posts and Tenax Fiber White posts were used to restore defective teeth in the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Clinical evaluation was conducted one week and three months post-restoration. Results Both clinical satisfactory rates of OUYA FIBER posts and Tenax Fiber White posts were higher than 98% one week post-restoration and higher than 96% three months post-restoration. No significant differences were observed between the clinical results of restoring defective teeth with the two types of fiber posts. Throughout the healing process, no root canal fracture or marginal staining were observed. Conclusion  OUYA FIBER post and Tenax Fiber White post showed similar clinical outcomes during the period of observation in this study. However, the long-term effects should be observedinfuture studies.

Objective  To study the types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in dentin bonding interface degradation. Methods  Dentin slices were prepared and treated with two adhesive systems (Single Bond 2 or Clearfil S3 Bond). The dentin surface was bonded with composite resin. All specimens were immersed in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months, and their micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) were measured. The fracture modes were observed through field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Dentin slices with 4 mm×3 mm×1 mm dimensions were prepared. The slices were divided into three groups according to the treatment modes (negative control, Single Bond 2, and Clearfil S3 Bond). All specimens were stored in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months. The concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, and -9 of each group were detected through fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Results The μSBS of bothadhesive systems significantly decreased after storage aging. Significant differences in failure modes within the four groups testedinthis study were observed. Compared with the negative control, the concentrations of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in different adhesive groups showed no significant difference after storage aging. However, the concentrations of MMP-2, -8, and -9 in Single Bond 2 group and the concentrations of MMP-8 and -9 in Clearfil S3 Bond group significantly decreased after 6 months of storage aging. Conclusion Significant degradation occur in the dentin bonding interface of both adhesive groups under 6 months aging challenge. The concentrations of dentinal MMP-2, -8, and -9 significantly decrease after treatment with adhesives and aging, indicatingthat these MMPs have animportant function in dentin bonding interface degradation.

 Objective  To construct and analyze the differential expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNA) and mRNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).   To explore the miRNA and mRNA of OSCC development and progression. Methods  The differential expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA were built by high-throughput deep sequencing technology. Using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, the roles of differentially expressed miRNA and mRNA in cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell apoptosis were analyzed. Results  Seventy-seven differentially expressed miRNA and 1 298 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in OSCC. GO analysis showed that 73 miRNA had found target mRNA in cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell apoptosis of OSCC. Moreover, a miRNA could regulate multiple mRNA. Conclusion The differential expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA have close relationship with the development and progression of OSCC.

 Objective  This study aimed to investigate the effect of a lactoperoxidase-peroxidase-thiocyanate (LPO-H2O2-SCN-) systemwith different concentrationsof iodine (I-) on Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans),particularlyon various parameters, includinggrowth, adhesion, glucosyltransferase (GTF)enzyme activity,and insoluble exopolysaccharidesynthesis. Methods S.mutans ATCC 25175 was used as experimental species. Clonal formation unit (CFU) were counted to investigate the inhibi-tory effect on bacterial growth. The inhibition rate of bacterial adherence was calculated to analyze the effect on adhesion. Anthrone method was used to determine the content of insoluble exopolysaccharides and the amount of reducing saccharides. GTF activity and enzyme activity were then determined. Results The inhibitory ability of the LPO-H2O2-SCN-system with I-on the cariogenicinity of S.mutans was strengthened as I-concentration was increased. At I-concentration≥100 μmol•L-1, the antibacterial effects were significantly increased compared with those of the control group (P<0.05). At I-concentration≥ 1 000 μmol•L-1, the antibacterial effects were significantly improved compared with those of the group with SCN-only (P< 0.05). At I-concentration≥100 μmol•L-1, the inhibition rate of bacterial adherence was>50%; insoluble exopolysaccharide synthesis and GTF enzyme activity were reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion The antibacterial effects of the LPO-H2O2-I-system were enhanced by adding I-to overcome the antagonistic effect of physiological SCN-concentration. LPO-H2O2-SCN-system with different concentrations of I-showed statistically significant inhibitory effectson growth, adhesion, insoluble exopolysac-charide synthesis,andGTF enzyme activity.

Objective  To evaluate the aesthetic outcomes of all-ceramic restorations by using four different porcelain materials on mimic-tetracycline pigmentation backgrounds. Methods  The translucency parameters (TP) of four different all-ceramic restorations (IPS e.max, Cercon, Lava, and Girrbach) were measured under white and black back grounds by using Datacolor 600, and the TP of each group (n=8) was calculated. Five different mimic-tetracycline pigmentation teeth wereprinted with differentcolors by using acolorized printer as theprepared teeth backgrounds, under which the colorpara-meters of each group were measured. The color differences with a standard 2M2 sample were calculated. Results  The TP values of theall-ceramicrestorations were 15.67±0.58 for IPS e.max, 9.73±0.43 for Girrbach, 9.55±0.25 for Lava,and7.56±0.43 for Cercon. The TP value of the IPS e.max group was significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.001). The ΔE of the IPS e.max group was 1.33 national bureau of standards (NBS) on the yellow background, and the ΔE of the Lava and Girrbach groups were 0.75 NBS to 1.47 NBS on the mimic-tetracycline pigmentation backgrounds of gray, dark gray, dark red, and light red. Conclusion  The IPS e.max group has favorable TP. IPS e.max shows better aesthetic effects than the others when restoring mimic-tetracycline pigmentation teeth (on yellow background). Lava and Girrbach show better aestheticeffects on mimic-tetracycline pigmentation teeth(on gray, dark gray, dark red, and lightred backgrounds).

Objective  To investigate the synergistic effect of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and platelet-derived growth factor-BB(PDGF-BB) on the expression of integrin β3 in periodontal membrane of rat orthodontic tooth. Methods  An orthodontic tooth movement model was established. Up to 32 experimental rats were randomly divided into four groups according to a random number table. The four groups were injected with 1%PBS, TGF-β1(5 ng), PDGF-BB (10 ng), and combined TGF-β1(5 ng) and PDGF-BB (10 ng) in the buccal submucosal, respectively. The volume injected in each group was 0.1 mL. The animals were then sacrificed on the 10th day. The left maxillary first molar and periodontal tissue were taken. Different expressions of integrin β3 were detected in periodontal tissues through immunohistochemistry. Mean optical density (OD) values of the positive fields were examined. The data obtained were analyzed through ANOVA. The data followed normal distribution, and were compared via t-test. Results  Compared with the control groups, the expression of integrin β3 was higher in the experimental groupin tension sides (P<0.01). Significant differences in tension sides between the single-injection groups and the combined group were observed (P<0.01). Compared with the control groups, the expression of integrin β3 was higher in the experimental group in compression sides (P<0.05). In addition, there was no significant differences in compression sides between the single-injection groups and the combined group (P>0.05). Conclusion  In terms of local regulatory factors, TGF-β1 combined with PDGF-BB enhance the expression of integrinβ3 in the periodontal membrane and accelerate periodontal remodeling.The synergistic effect of the twogrowth factorsis better than the single growth factor.

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma occurring in the sublingual gland is extremely rare. In this report, a case of adenoid cysticcarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the sublingualgland was presented.

Immediate-implant-immediate-loading restoration exhibits many advantages, such as recovery appearance, early function, short implant period, reduced operation frequency and trauma, and less pain, among others. This report introduced a case of immediate-implant-immediate-loading restoration failure because of implant neck split.

The anatomically and functionally complex nature of the temporomandibularjoint(TMJ)makes its reconstruction one of the most challenging tasks faced by surgeons who operate in the head and neck. TMJ prosthesis is one of the important techniques in the reconstruction of TMJ. The main indications for TMJ prosthesis include ankylosis, fractures of condylar that can’t be fixed, trauma or tumor, end-stage TMJ disturbance, and TMJ dysplasia caused by Hallermann–Streiff syndrome. TMJ replacement aims to enhance the function of TMJ, alleviate pain, and prevent serious complications. TMJ prosthesis is advantageous in oral and maxillofacial surgery because it can imitate normal anatomic morphology and adhere to the host. Moreover, the use of other materials is no longer necessary and functional training can be started postoperatively at once, among others. Prosthetic materials have leading and promoting functions in the development of joint prosthesis. Good design, fit shape, and fixation are the necessary conditions for prosthesis to serve its function. Investigation of joint biomechanics is also necessary. Withtherapid developments in materialscience, joint biomechanics, and other related subjects, TMJ prosthesis has been significantly improved in terms of its materials, design, fit shape, and fixation techniques. In addition, the development of TMJ prosthesis would expand its applications. This review intends to provide an overview about the progress and clinical application ofTMJ prosthesis.