During the recent decade, the advanced medical technology has brought the rapid development in the dentoalveo-lar surgery, and the medical concepts of humanity, painless, minimally invasive, safe and comfortable are gradually accepted by the patients and doctors. Many advanced techniques and equipments have been used in the dentoalveolar surgery. This paper would like to make a review on the clinical application and experience of the advanced medical technologies in the tooth extraction, such as the general anaesthetic technique, the nitrous oxide sedative technique, the computer-controlled local anesthesia delivery devices, the electrocardiogram montior, the location of embedded tooth by cone beam CT and minimally invasive surgical technique. Additionally, in this paper we also described the indication, contraindication, advantages and operating essentials of the orthodontic traction technique, ultrasonic bone surgery (piezosurgery) device and the surgery tech-nology for alveolar bone shape and functional preservation in the extraction of tooth. Finally, we introduced the immediate implantation technique used in the dentoalveolar surgery.

Objective  This research aimed to study the inhibitory effect of xylitol on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus (A.?viscosus). Methods  We cultivated A.?viscosus in anaerobic conditions with different concentra-tions (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, and 4 g·L−1) of xylitol brain heart infusion liquid medium and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Subsequently, we measured the pH value of the control group, as well as those of 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 MIC, and MIC concentration groups at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The ΔpH and OD550 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h were calculated. We discovered that the minimum xylitol concentrations suppressed 50% and 90% A.?viscosus biofilm formation (i.e., MBIC­50 and MBIC90). SPSS 19.0 was used to analyze the collected data, and conclusions were drawn afterward. Results Xylitol inhibited the growth of A.?viscosus at MIC of 64 g·L^-1. After 12 h, the differences of pH value among groups were all statisti-cally significant (P<0.05), and ΔpH increased when the MIC concentration decreased. Except for the1/2 MIC and MIC groups, the differences of OD550 among groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05), and OD550 also increased when the MIC concentration decreased. These results imply that the ability of A.?viscosus to grow and produce acid in 1/2 MIC and MIC conditions will be reduced with the increase in xylitol concentration. The value of MIBC50 was 64 g·L^-1, whereas the value of MIBC90 was 128 g·L-1. This finding indicates that the xylitol medium can restrict A.?viscosus biofilm formation. Conclusion  Xylitolcan effectively inhibit the growth, adhesion, and acid production of A.?viscosus, protecting teeth from cariogenic bac-teria and preventing caries to a certain extent.

Objective  To investigate the influence of three primers on the shear bond strength between cast titanium (Ti) and composite resin. Methods  The disks (n=40) were cast by commercially pure (CP) Ti，which diameter were 8 mm and thick were 3 mm. The titanium surfaces were polished with silicon carbide sand papers under running water and then treated by sandblasting and acid (4%HF) etching. They were divided into four groups: control group (group A), treated with KH-570 (group B), treated with Alloy Primer (group C), treated with Metal photo primer (group D). After treatment, the specimens were evaluated for their shear bond strengths by universal testing machine. The values were statistically analyzed. The frac-tured surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results  The shear bond strengths of group A, B, C, D were (9.773±0.67), (11.463±0.82) , (14.224±0.75), (13.157±0.73) MPa. There were significant differences in bond strength between A and B, C, D (P<0.01). B and C, D had significant differences (P<0.01). C and D had no significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion  KH-570, Alloy Primer, Metal photo primer significantly improve the bond strength of ceramage composite resin to cast titanium. KH-570 group bonding strength is lower than the the Alloy Primer group and Metal photo primer group.

Objective  To explore a simple but novel method of strengthening gypsum material by cyanoacrylate infil-tration. To evaluate the influence of cyanoacrylate on the mechanical properties of dental gypsum models. Methods  Gypsum specimens were polished to the dimension of 35 mm×4 mm×4 mm. Butyl-cyanoacrylate was diluted with chloroform at different concentrations, namely 20% and 30% cyanoacrylate. Gypsum specimens were infiltrated by diluting one component of cyanoacrylate at different concentrations for 8 h and then dried for analysis. The changes in elastic modulus, fracture toughness, compressive strength, biaxial strength, brinell hardness were measured. The data were analyzed using software OriginPro 8. Results  The viscosity measurements indicated that diluted cyanoacrylate were Newtonian fluids and the viscosity increased slightly within the 48 hours of preparation but still similar as water at room temperature, which could be used to infiltrating gypsum. The gypsum infiltrated with cyanoacrylate exhibited good physicochemical properties. The biaxial strength, fracture toughness, compressive strength and brinell hardness of the gypsum were improved by 39%, 30%, 63% and 18%, respectively. Conclusion  Cyanoacrylate can significantly improve the strength of gypsum model which indicates the potential clinical application.

Objective  To investigate the injury stress responses caused by ischemia reperfusion and its effects on the sa-livary secretory function of rat submandibular glands. Methods  An in situ ischemia reperfusion experimental model of rat submandibular glands was developed. The rat submandibular glands were subjected to 90 min of ischemia without dener-vation followed by reperfusion for 1, 12, 24, and 72 h. Salivary secretion, histological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and cellular apoptosis of the involved submandibular glands were detected after reperfusion. Results  The secretory function of the glands decreased at 1 and 12 h, and the saliva secretion gradually had the same value as that of the control sample 72 h after reperfusion. Increasing inflammatory cells infiltration, cellular atrophy, and tissue edema were observed especially after reperfusion for 12 h. The level of ROS and the number of apoptotic cells exhibited the same tendency, and higher ROS levels and more apoptosis cells 1 and 12 h after reperfusion were observed. Conclusion  Our study suggests that ischemia reperfusion can cause a series of injury stress responses in submandibular glands, which might have an important function in the early phase dysfunction of transplanted submandibular glands.

Objective  The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of cryogenic treatment and age-hardening heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of a dental casting Ag-Pd alloy. Methods  A low gold content dental casting alloy composed of Ag-Pd-Cu-Au was prepared for this study. Corrosion test was performed according to ISO 10271:2001 dental metallie-corrosion test methods. Experimental specimens were casted according to a standard dental lost-wax casting procedure, treated with solution by heating the specimens to 900 ℃, and immediately quenched in ice water. The specimens were then divided into four groups and subjected to heat treatment, cryogenic treatment, and heat treatment combined with cryogenic treatment. The specimens after the solution treatment were taken as control. The metallographic structures of the specimens were ob-served. The electrochemical parameters and the quantity of non-precious metallic ions released were evaluated via electro-chemical and static immersion tests. Results  Metallographic observation revealed that all the treatments resulted in a change in the microstructure of the alloy. The treatments were effective in improving the electrochemical parameters, such as an in-crease in Eocp and Ecorr and a decrease in Icorr (P<0.05). The amount of non-noble metal ions released showed no difference compared with the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion  After different treatments, the antierosion properties of the alloy satisfied the ISO requirements. Age-hardening heat treatment and cryogenic treatment improved the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

Objective  To evaluate the effect of different root canal irrigants and cements on coronal microleakage and the interaction effects after cementing metal post-cores. Methods  Ninety newly extracted single-rooted mandibular human premolars were endodontically treated. Post spaces were prepared in the root canals, and Co-Cr post-cores were cast routinely. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups (n=15) via a two-way factorial design method. The irrigant factors (A) included A1: no irrigant (75% alcohol wiping), A2: 3% H2O2+0.9% NaCl, and A3: 15% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)+5.25% NaClO. The cement factors (B) included B1: zinc polycarboxylate cement, and B2: glass ionomer cement. The specimens received treatments based on the grouping of A1B1, A1B2, A2B1, A2B2, A3B1, and A3B2. All samples were sectioned longitudinally after being immersed in India ink for three weeks. The microleakages were observed using a ste-reomicroscope. The SPSS 13.0 software package was used for factorial analysis. Results  The mean microleakage scores and standard deviations were as follows: Group A1B1: (1 192.59±417.84) μm, Group A1B2: (1 317.38±527.35) μm, Group A2B1: (1 429.33±482.68) μm, Group A2B2: (1 026.79±459.49) μm, Group A3B1: (1 448.29±561.02) μm, and Group A3B2: (1 922.47±678.86) μm. The A2B2 group showed minimum microleakage, whereas the A3B2 group showed maximum microleakage. The microleakage degrees among different irrigants presented significant statistical difference (P<0.05), but the two cements showed no significant difference (P>0.05). An interactive effect on the microleakage existed between the irrigants and the cements after cementing the metal post-cores (P<0.05). Conclusion  When cementing metal post-cores, the coronal microleakage following 3% H2O2+0.9% NaCl irrigation combined with glass ionomer cement can be reduced. The combined application of 15% EDTA+5.25% NaClO and glass ionomer cement significantly aggravates microleakage.

Objective To investigate the changes in the craniofacial morphology of deepbite from childhood to adulthood using cross-sectional methods. To analyze the maxillofacial characteristics of adult deepbite. Methods The sample included 159 children (with average age of 12.47 years old) and 81 adults (with average age of 21.76 years old) with class Ⅲ deepbite. The control group consisted of 51 normal individuals (with average age of 18.41 years old). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and recorded in a computer through a scanner. Cephalometric measurements were conducted by using Winceph 7.0 software, and results were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 software. Results Significant differences between child and adult deepbite were observed in the following: N-ANS, ANS-Me, A-Ms, A-Ptm, Wits, Mo-Ms, Ii-Ii, A-B plane angle to the man-dibular plane angle, Gonial angle, L1 to NB length, overjet, mandibular body to anterior cranial base, Mo-Mi, posterior facial height, U1 to NA length, Pog-Go, Cd-Go, occlusion plane angle to SN, and U1 to SN. In addition, significant differences between adult deepbite and normal occlusion were observed in SNB, ANB, convexity, APDI, ODI, Wits, A-B plane to man-dibular plane, Gonial angle, overjet, mandibular body to anterior cranial base, S-Ptm, Mo-Mi U1 to SN; Pog-Go, Cd-Go, posterior cranial base, and occlusion plane to SN and posterior facial height. Conclusion  Deepbite patients have certain growth potential after puberty, but the sagittal relationship of their jaws exhibits no improvement. Adult deepbite patients exhibit significant problems in the vertical and sagittal jaw positions.

Objective  To investigate the exerted force in different phases of the female menstrual cycle, as well as the changes in estrogen (E2), osteocalcin (OCN), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement, to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the best opportunity for efficient tooth movement. Methods  Twelve women (aged 18 years to 28 years) with extracted first premolars had been selected. Six women in the group were randomly selected as the menstrual period group, whereas the remaining six were assigned to the ovulation period group. Right canines were retracted with 1.5 N NiTi close coil spring. GCF samples were collected prior to the force exertion experiments at 0 (T0), 15 (T1), 30 (T2), and 45 d (T3). The levels of E2, OCN, OPG and RANKL in GCF were measured by chemiluminescence and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results  The E2 and OCN levels were significantly higher in the ovulation period group than in the menstrual period group (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in RANKL and OPG levels between the two groups (P>0.05). Finally, no significant difference was found in RANKL/OPG ratio between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion  Exerted force on teeth during the menstrual period may promote rapid tooth movement.

Objective  To observe and evaluate the clinical performance of zirconia crowns made by CEREC inLab com-puter aided design/computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) for posterior teeth. Methods  A total of 242 patients were implanted with zirconia crowns fabricated by CEREC inLab CAD/CAM. The crowns were evaluated by Modified US Public Health Service criteria at baseline, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. The chi-square test was used to analyze the survival rate. Results  All but five crowns were evaluated by an independent evaluator at baseline, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. The survival rate de-clined with time. The A score percentage was above 85% at 36 months. Conclusion The single zirconia crowns fabricated by CEREC inLab CAD/CAM demonstrate satisfactory clinical performance during a short period.

Objective  To analyze the changes in CIE L*, a*, and b* at cervical, body, and incisal sites after tooth bleaching by using a spectrophotometer. Methods  Sixty-seven intact and healthy maxillary central incisors were in-vestigated. These incisors were darker than A3 according to the Vita Classical shade guide. The CIE tooth shade parameters L*, a*, and b* were simultaneously recorded at three tooth areas (cervical, body, and incisal) with a spectrophotometer before and after tooth bleaching (35%H2O2 coordinating with Beyond whitening accelerator irradiating). The shade dif-ferential (ΔE) was calculated. ANOVA, paired t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results  The efficacy rates of tooth bleaching were satisfactory, with 86.6%, 86.6%, and 85.1% in the cervical, body, and incisal sites, respectively. The average values of ΔE were 5.09, 4.44, and 4.40 in the cervical, body, and incisal sites. Tooth bleaching significantly increased L* and significantly decreased a* and b* in all tooth areas (P<0.01). The decreasing range of Δb* was more than the increasing range of ΔL* at the cervical site; opposite results were observed at the incisal site. A positive correlation was detected between baseline b* and ΔE. Conclusion  The spectrophotometer could objectively evaluate the whitening effect of tooth bleaching at the different tooth sites. The tooth bleaching system (35%H2O2 coordinating with Beyond whitening accelerator irradiating) exerts powerful bleaching actions in most of the tooth areas investigated. The order of tooth bleaching effectiveness is cervical>body>incisal. Yellow coloration is decreased mainly at the cervical site, and brightness was increased mostly at theincisal site. The effectiveness of tooth bleaching increases as the baseline b* value increases.

Objective  This study aimed to observe the postoperative pain rate and degree of pain in preschool children with cleft lip and palate, and investigate the effect of nursing intervention on pain relief. Methods  A total of 120 hospitalized cases of three- to seven-year-old preschool children with cleft lip and palate were selected from May to October 2011. The subjects were randomly divided into the control group and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. The control group used conven-tional nursing methods, experimental group 1 used analgesic drug treatment, experimental group 2 used psychological nursing interventions, and experimental group 3 used both psychological nursing intervention and analgesic drug treatment. After 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, pain self-assessment, pain parent-assessment, and pain nurse-assessment were calculated for the four groups using the pain assessment forms, and their ratings were compared. Results  The postoperative pain rates of the four groups ranged from 50.0% to 73.3%. The difference among the four groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). The differences among the control group and experimental groups 1 and 2 were not statistically significant (P=0.871), whereas the differences among experimental group 3 and the other groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion  Postoperative pain in preschool children with cleft lip and palate is common. Psychological nursing intervention with analgesic treatment is effective in relieving postoperative pain.

Objective  To construct and identify a lentiviral vector of RNA interference targeting human Notch-1 gene. Methods  To determine the Notch-1 gene sequences, three RNAi target sequences (shRNA1-3) were designed in accordance with the RNAi sequence design principles and cloned into the lentiviral vector pLenOR-THM by endonuclease BamH Ⅰ res-triction, EcoR Ⅰ double digestion, and T4 DNA-ligase ligation. After the transformation into competent DH5α bacteria, the candidate clones were identified by Kpn Ⅰ and EcoR Ⅰ double digestion and DNA sequencing. The recombinant and three packaging plasmids were co-transfected into human embryonic kidney cell line 293T cells by lipofectamine to produce the lentiviral particles. The viral titer was determined. The 293T cells were infected by the lentiviral particles obtained, and trans-fection efficiency was assessed using a fluorescent microscope. The lentiviral vector particles were also transfected into ACC-M cells. The Notch-1 expression in the transfected cells was assayed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Results  The lentiviral RNAi vector pLenOR-THM-Notch1 for Notch-1 gene was constructed successfully. Strong green fluorescence was observed in the 293T cells under fluorescent microscope after co-transfection of the cells with the four plasmids of lentiviral vector. The virus in the supernatant reached a titer of 5.8×108 TU·mL-1. The transfection efficiency of the collected virus exceeded 90% in 293T cells with 1 as a multiplicity of in-fection. The third lentiviral vector was found to significantly inhibit the Notch-1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion  The lentiviral RNAi vector of Notch-1 has been successfully constructed and identified.

Objective  A fluorescence probe marked with a specific angle protein antibody by using quantum dots QDs605-CK (AE1/AE3) was utilized to detect metastasis and micrometastasis rates of early submandibular lymph node metastatic carcinoma in a nude mouse model. The method was compared with traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and hematine-eosin (HE) staining to explore a new method for early diagnosis and treatment of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Methods  Human tongue Tca8113 cells were cultured and inoculated in 18 nude mice tongue body tissues (except the midline) to establish submandibular lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice models. The nude mice were sacrificed, and the mandibular lymph node was dissected after injecting tumor cells for six weeks. One lymph node was divided into two parts: one was used to create a serial section embedded by paraffin then detected in HE staining and IHC staining; the other was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and detected using the fluorescence probe marked with a specific angle protein antibody by using quantum dots. Lymph node metastasis and micrometastases rates were calculated. Results  The rates of metastasis in the submandibular lymph node via quantum dot immunofluorescence staining, IHC staining, and HE staining showed positive values of 66.7%, 61.1%, and 27.8%, res-pectively. The micrometastases rates were 38.9% and 33.3% via quantum dot immunofluorescence staining and IHC staining, respectively. The positive rates of detecting lymph nodes metastasis with quantum dot labeled keratin CK (AE1/AE3) immunofluorescence and keratin CK (AE1/AE3) IHC staining were higher than that of conventional HE staining (χ2=6.379, P<0.05). The two methods showed no statistical diffe-rence (χ2=0.120, P>0.05). Conclusion  Quantum dots fluorescent probe marked with the angle protein antibody CK (AE1/AE3) can precisely locate the submandibular lymph node metastasis tumor cell of the nude mice tongue squamous cell car-cinoma, and the emitted red fluorescence showed strong specificity, high resolution, and a clear background. The method could be utilized to detect submandibular lymph node metastasis and micrometastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice.

Objective  This study aimed to evaluate the influence of loading in different healing periods on implant stabi-lity and to establish an animal model of anchorage implant screws. Methods  Anchorage implant screws were implanted in sheep alveolar bone to establish the implant screw animal model. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: group A, sheep without loading; group B, sheep loaded immediately after implant; group C, sheep loaded after two weeks; and group D, sheep loaded after four weeks. The maxillary and mandibular tissue specimens with implants were dissected. The maxillary tissue specimens were used to make undecalcified bone grinding slices, and the healing mode of the implant-bone interface was observed by light microscope. The maximum shear strength of loose mandibular specimens was measured by a material testing machine. The differences in group data were statistically analyzed. Results  1) A general difference in shear strength exists among the four groups. The shear strengths in groups A and B were lower than those in groups C and D. 2) No signi-ficant difference in healing mode was found between the pressure side and the tension side of the longitudinal-grinded bone slices with implants. Both fiber combination and osseointegration of transverse-grinded slices could be found in the interface in all four groups. The major integration mode of the implant-bone interface of groups A and D was osseointegration, whereas that of the implant-bone interface of groups B and C was fibrous tissue transformation. The surrounding bone tissue regene-rated toward the implants of group C. Conclusion  Results show that loading time influences the stability of implant anchorage.

Objective  This study aimed to explore further the mechanisms of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cell recurrence, metastasis, and diffusion, as well as to establish the experimental basis for the molecular biology research on TSSC. We intend to complete our objective through differential proteomics and preliminary analysis protein expression of exosomes derived from TSCC and normal mucosa cells. Methods  We acquired cultured supernatant fluid in vitro in the laboratory by culturing TSCC (tongue cancer Tca8113 cell line) and human normal mucosa cells (HOK cell line). The exo-somes were separated and purified through differential centrifugation. Furthermore, the different protein expressions were identified through dielectrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The functions of the different protein expressions were identified through an online database search. Results  TSCC and human normal mucosa cells secrete a large amount of capsule bubble structure substances in vitro, as confirmed by electron microscopy and surface markers heat shock protein-70 and major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ. A total of 16 oral cancer cell-derived exosomes that expressed quantity more than two times, twelve that increased their expression levels, and four that cut their expressions were identified through the differential proteomics research on the two groups. Conclusion  Differential proteins that were verified through the online database serve an important function in exosome formation and in the progress of cancer.

Objective  To investigate the correlation between Angle’s class Ⅲ patients’ occlusion plane and anterior overbite by controlling the changes in occlusion plane during orthodontic treatment. Methods In total, 90 Angle’s class Ⅲ adult orthodontic patients were selected as the experimental group, and 30 normal adults were selected as the control group. According to the overbite, the class Ⅲ patients were divided into three groups, and 14 indicators were measured. ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were used to analyze the difference between class Ⅲ patients, and linear analysis was used to analyze the correlation between anterior overbite and anterior-posterior occlusion plane. Results   In class Ⅲ patients, posterior occlusion plane and anterior overbite size were negatively correlated (r=−0.24, P<0.05), whereas anterior occlusal plane and anterior overbite size were positive correlated (r=0.23, P<0.05). Conclusion  The shape of the occlusion plane varies in different anterior overbite patients. During orthodontic treatment in different overbite class Ⅲ patients, the vertical height of the posterior teeth and the rotation of the occlusion plane should be controlled.

Objective  To compare shear bond strength (SBS) between two types of silicone soft liner and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) under the condition of heat curing and room temperature curing. Methods  A total of 48 PMMA specimens (50 mm×10 mm×3 mm) were made by water-bath heating method, and randomly divided into four groups. By using Ufi Gel P (UGP) as soft liner material, group A1 was prepared under heat curing, and group A2 was prepared under room temperature curing. To form the other two groups, Silagum-Comfort (SLC) as soft-liner material was used. Group B1 was prepared under heat curing, and group B2 was prepared under room temperature curing. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested by using the electronic universal testing machine. The adhesives layer and surface of silastic and PMMA were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results  The SBS of groups A1, A2, B1, B2 were (2.39±0.24), (1.74±0.27), (3.09±0.26), and (2.21±0.29) MPa, respectively. Significant differences were found between A1 and A2, B1 and B2, A1 and B1, and A2 and B2 (P<0.05). Optical microscope showed numerous bubbles in the cured UGP, and no air bubbles in the SLC. The surface of PMMA was rough. SEM images showed that each group had continual consistent adhesive interface and a whisker hump on the adhesive layer of A2 and B2. Conclusion  The SBS of UGP, SLC, and PMMA achieved minimum clinical standard of 0.44 MPa. The SBS of UGP and PMMA were higher than that of SLC and PMMA. The polymerization method of heat curing was higher than room temperature curing.

Objective  To explore the relationship between salivary proteome and dental caries and to promote the bio-marker studies of dental caries susceptibility by comparing the salivary proteome of caries-active children and caries-free children with electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Methods  Ten caries-active children and ten caries-free children were sampled. The salivary proteome of the two groups was studied, and the differential protein between the two groups was analyzed by ESI-MS/MS after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, filter-aided sample preparation, and liquid chromatography. Results  The concentration of salivary protein was higher in the caries-active group than in the caries-free group. The polypeptide counts of thecaries-active and caries-free groups were 602 and 481, which belonged to 286 and 227 proteins, respectively. The differential polypeptide count of the two groups was 361, and the differential protein count was 118. The detected proteins included matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), mucin-7 (MUC7), lactotransferrin (LTF), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6), azurocidin (AZU), and cold agglutinin. Conclusion  The total salivary protein was higher in the caries-active group than in the caries-free group. The preliminary detection of differential proteins (MMP9, MUC7, LTF, CA6, AZU, and cold agglutinin) may lay some foundation for biomarker research of dental caries susceptibility.

Objective  To deposit silver nanoparticles on a titanium surface to obtain antibacterial properties. To reduce the incidence of peri-implantitis, and improve the success rate of implantation. Methods  A silver nanoparticle-modified titanium (Ti-nAg) surface was prepared using silanization method, and its surface was characterized by using X-ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Two species of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, were used to test the antibacterial effect of Ti-nAg surface. Results  Scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) revealed that a small quantity of silver nanoparticles were deposited on the titanium surface. XPS analyses revealed that 6.8% of silver was present on the titanium surface. After 24 h of incubation, 94.23% of Staphylococcus aureus and 95.34% of Escherichia coli were killed on the Ti-nAg surface. Conclusion  Results suggest that silver nanoparticle-modified titanium is a promising material with an antibacterial property that may be used as an implantable biomaterial.

Objective  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration and fluoride solution on masking different demineralized white spot lesions by assessing color change. Methods  Artificial white spot lesions were produced on 60 human molars. Each sample had at least two enamel surfaces opened (named A and B). The samples were randomly divided into groups 1, 2, and 3 according to their time of demineralization (24, 48, and 72 h). After demineralization, the A spot of each sample was treated by resin infiltration. The B spot was treated with 0.1% fluoride solution daily for 30 days. After the remineralization of the B spot, resin infiltration was used again on the B spot of each sample. Color assessment was performed by a spectrophotometer in five distinct stages: baseline, after the production of artificial caries, after resin infiltration of A spots, after 30 days of fluoride solution treatment of B spots, and after resin infiltration of remineralized B spots. Results  Before demineralization, the L* values of spots A and B in all groups were not significantly different (P>0.05), whereas the L* values of spots A and B were significantly increased after demineralization. The L* values of A spots recovered signifi-cantly after treatment by resin infiltration (P<0.05), but only groups 1 and 2 reached the baseline. The L* values of B spots had no significant differences (P>0.05) after fluoride treatment compared with that after demineralization. After resin infil-tration on B spots, the L* values recovered but could not reach the baseline nor the level of A spots treated by resin infiltration only. Conclusion  Resin infiltration is a more effective treatment for masking white spot lesions than traditional fluoride treatment. The effect of masking white spot lesions has certain relationships with the degree of demineralization and activity of the lesion.

Enamel pearl is an ectopic enamel, which usually occurs in the root bifurcate or approaching enamel-cementum site of the first maxillary molar. A case of multipleenamel pearls on the left maxillary third molar is reported in this paper, and relevant literature was reviewed.

A case of a patient with a unilateral maxillary defect and restricted mouth opening was presented. The two-stage hollow maxillofacial prosthesis can be used to restore the above defect, thus promoting mastication, speaking, swallowing, and sucking, as well as improving the patient’s appearance. Satisfactory results were achieved.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common pathogens in human and it is closely related to gastrointestinal diseases. It is essential for us to understand the transmission process of H. pylori to prevent its spreading .The oral cavity has been proposed as a reservoir for gastric H. pylori, which has been detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in both dental plaque and saliva. Some researchers have proposed H. pylori in oral cavity may play an important role in its transmission and reinfection. Oral-oral or fecal-oral transmission are thought to be the most possible transmit way. This review will discuss the evidence for the role of the oral cavity in the transmission of H. pylori, the diffi-culties encountered in addressing this topic and possible directions for future research. Oral H. pylori may also play a role in the diagnosis and prevention of deceases related to H. pylori such as gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma. The recent progresses in this area are also reviewed. Moreover, we also discussed the relationship between oral H. pylori and oral deceases like periodontal disease and oral ulcer.