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Table of Content
01 April 2019, Volume 37 Issue 2
  • Expert consensus on biomechanical research of dental implant
    Xueqi Gan,Yu Xiao,Ruiyang Ma,Chunpeng Huang,Yao Wu,Bangcheng Yang,Qi Yang,Chongyun Bao,Haiyang Yu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  115-123.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.001
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    Current biomechanical research of dental implants focuses on the mechanical damage and enhancement mechanism of the implant-abutment interface as well as how to obtain better mechanical strength and longer fatigue life of dental implants. The mechanical properties of implants can be comprehensively evaluated by strain gauge analysis, photo elastic stress analysis, digital image correlation, finite element analysis, implant bone bonding strength test, and measurement of mechanical properties. Finite element analysis is the most common method for evaluating stress distribution in dental implants, and static pressure and fatigue tests are commonly used in mechanical strength test. This article reviews biomechanical research methods and evaluation indices of dental implants. Results provide methodology guidelines in the field of biomechanics by introducing principles, ranges of application, advantages, and limitations, thereby benefitting researchers in selecting suitable methods. The influencing factors of the experimental results are presented and discussed to provide implant design ideas for researchers.

    Advances in titanium dental implant surface modification
    Bangcheng Yang,Xuedong Zhou,Haiyang Yu,Yao Wu,Chongyun Bao,Yi Man,Lei Cheng,Yao Sun
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  124-129.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.002
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    Titanium dental implants have wide clinical application due to their many advantages, including comfort, aesthetics, lack of damage to adjacent teeth, and significant clinical effects. However, the failure of osseointegration, bone resorption, and peri-implantitis limits their application. Physical-chemical and bioactive coatings on the surface of titanium implants could improve the successful rate of dental implants and meet the clinical application requirements. This paper reviews the characteristics of surface modification of titanium implants from the aspects of physics, chemistry, and biology. Results provide information for research and clinical application of dental implant materials.

    Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases in China
    En Luo,Bing Shi,Qianming Chen,Xuedong Zhou
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  130-142.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.003
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    Rare diseases are genetic, chronic, and incurable disorders with relatively low prevalence. Thus, diagnosis and management strategies for such diseases are currently limited. This situation is exacerbated by insufficient medical sources for these diseases. The National Health and Health Committee of China recently first provided a clear definition of 121 rare diseases in the Chinese population. In this study, we summarize several dental-craniofacial manifestations associated with some rare diseases to provide a reference for dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons aiming at fast-tracking diagnosis for the management of these rare diseases.

    Effects of silencing Rce1 in vitro on the invasion and migration of tongue carcinoma
    Junjun Sun,Yunya Tao,Yuan Zhou,Zongxuan He,Shangui Sheng,Qimin Wang,Lei Tong,Kai Zhao,Shaoru Wang,Zhenggang Chen
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  143-148.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.004
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    Objective This study aimed to explore the influence of Rce1 on invasion and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by silencing the Rce1 gene with RNA interference. Methods The tongue squamous cell carcinoma Cal-27 and SCC-4 cells were cultured in vitro. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) of the Rce1 gene was designed, and the Rcel gene expression was silenced vialiposome transfection. According to the siRNA transfected by liposome, the experimental group was divided into three groups, namely, Rce1-siRNA-1, Rce1-siRNA-2, and Rce1-siRNA-3 groups. Negative control group was transfected by siCON, and the blank control group was untransfected by siRNA. The Rce1, RhoA, and K-Ras gene expression levels in each group were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The Rce1, RhoA, K-Ras, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. The invasiveness of tongue cancer cell Cal-27 and SCC-4 were determined by Transwell invasion assay, and cell migration assay was performed by cell scratch assay. Results Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot results showed that compared with the negative and blank control groups, the Rce1 gene and protein expression levels in three experimental groups decreased (P<0.05). The RhoA, K-Ras gene and protein expression levels were insignificantly different among groups (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels decreased (P<0.05). Transwell invasion assay results showed that the total number of cells in the PET film of the experimental groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The cell scratch test showed that the cell closure time of the scratch in the interference group was significantly longer than those in the control and blank groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Silencing Rce1 in vitro can effectively downregulate its expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells Cal-27 and SCC-4 and reduce the migration and invasion abilities of these cells.

    Effects of three drying methods on the physical properties and drug delivery in chitosan microspheres
    Fei Xu,Yang Cao,Ping Yin,Liwei Ma,Jijia Li,Changyun Fang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  149-154.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.005
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    Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different drying methods on the physical properties and drug delivery of chitosan microspheres. Methods Three types of drying methods were utilized, including air drying and freeze drying after freezing at -20 ℃ (slow cooling) and at -80 ℃ (fast cooling). The physical properties of microspheres were characterized. Utilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model drug, the in-vitro release behaviors of drug-loaded beads were investigated. Results By comparing the physical properties of the different drying methods, the microspheres’ diameters, porosities, and surface area were observed to increase successively from air drying and slow cooling to fast cooling, whereas the pore size and the swelling and degradation rates varied. The drug-loading experiments revealed that the loading capacity of air-dried microspheres was the lowest and the release rate was the slowest. Although the loading capacity of fast cooling microspheres was high, an obvious burst release was observed. The loading capacity of slow cooling microspheres was similar to that of the fast cooling microspheres and the loaded BSA can be released continuously. Conclusion The results indicate that different drying methods can affect the physical properties of chitosan microspheres, which further influence drug loading and release.

    An experimental study of simvastatin-collagen composite sponge as a direct pulp capping material in rat molars
    Yang’an Zhang,Weiqun Guan,Qun Li,Lingling Liu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  155-161.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.006
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    Objective To assess the feasibility and efficacy of simvastatin-collagen composite sponge as a novel, direct pulp capping material. Methods A total of 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: the simvastatin-collagen composite sponge group (SIM group), the collagen sponge group (CS group), and the Ca(OH)2 group (CH group). An endodontic entry cavity was prepared on the occlusion of the first molar on the left maxillary of each rat. The contralateral teeth were utilized as the normal control group. The rats were experimented after 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. X-ray observations were conducted and the specimens underwent hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson’s Thichrome staining. Dentin bridge formations and pulpal biology reactions were evaluated histopathologically. Results X-ray results: high-density images could be observed on the pulp exposure sites in the CH group on the 28th day. In the SIM group, high-density images could be observed after 14 and 28 days, whereas in the CS group, high-density images were not observable in the exposed area. HE and Masson’s Thichrome staining results: different degrees of inflammation under the cavity were detected in the three groups at different time points. The inflammatory reaction of the CS group was the most serious. The degree of the inflammatory reaction varied significantly between the SIM and the CS groups on the 14th and 28th days (P<0.01). The inflammatory reaction in the SIM group was lighter than in the CH group. There was a statistical difference between the SIM and the CH groups on the 14th day (P<0.05). During the observation period, the SIM group induced the best and fastest formation of reparative dentin. As for dentin bridge formation, a significantly higher complete bridge rate was observed in the SIM group than in the CH and in the CS groups on the 14th day (P<0.05) and for the SIM and the CH groups compared with the CS group on the 28th day (P<0.05). Conclusion The simvastatin-collagen composite sponge exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility with the pulp tissue and promoted the formation of reparative dentin. The application of simvastatin-collagen composite sponge as a pulp-capping material has satisfactory potential.

    Effect of sclerostin on the functions and related mechanisms of cementoblasts under mechanical stress
    Siyu Bai,Yue Chen,Hongwei Dai,Lan Huang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  162-167.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.007
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    Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential effects of sclerostin (SOST) on the biological funtions and related mechanisms of cementoblasts under mechanical stress. Methods OCCM-30 cells were treated with varying doses of SOST (0, 25, 50, and 100 ng·mL -1) and were loaded with uniaxial compressive stress (2 000 μ strain with a frequency of 0.5 Hz) for six hours. Western blot was utilized to detect the expressions of β-catenin, p-smad1/5/8, and smad1/5/8 proteins. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoproteins (BSP), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA. Results The expression of p-smad 1/5/8 was significantly downregulated with increasing SOST. β-catenin and smad1/5/8 exhibited no difference. ALP activity decreased under mechanical compressive stress with increasing SOST concentrations. Runx-2 expression was reduced with increasing SOST concentrations, and a similar trend was observed for the BSP and OCN expressions. When the SOST concentration was enhanced, RANKL expression gradually increased, whereas the expression of OPG decreased. Conclusion Under mechanical comprehensive stress, SOST can adjust the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) /smad signal pathway. Osteosclerosis inhibits the mineralization of cementoblasts under mechanical compressive stress, which may be achieved by inhibiting the expressions of osteogenesis factors (Runx2, OCN, BSP, and others) and by promoting the ratio of cementoclast-related factors (RANKL/OPG) through BMP signal pathways.

    Expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 in periodontal ligament cells in orthodontic tooth pressure areas
    Jialing Lü,Jie Xu,Jin Zeng,Haixia Dang,Jinghong Yu,Xian Zhao,Xiaomei Xu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  168-173.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.008
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    Objective To investigate the expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3Ⅱ) in periodontal ligament cells in orthodontic tooth pressure areas. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank control group and nine experimental groups. In the experimental groups, 0.392 N orthodontic force was used to move the first right upper molars for 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, or 7 d. The blank control group did not receive any treatment. The rats were euthanized. Changes in the morphology of the periodontal membrane in the pressure areas were observed through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ were detected by immunohistochemical staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was performed for the counting of osteoclasts. Results The HE stains showed that the hyalinization of the periodontal ligament appeared in the pressure areas after 1 day of exertion and was gradually aggravated. The immunohistochemical stains showed that the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ in the experimental groups gradually increased, peaked after 1 h, and then gradually decreased. The expression levels peaked again after 1 d, then decreased to baseline levels at 7 d of exertion. Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ were expressed in the osteoclasts. The TRAP stains indicated that the number of osteoclasts started to increase after 1 day. Conclusion Autophagy may participate in the process of periodontal ligament reconstruction in orthodontic tooth pressure areas by mediating the hyalini-zation of periodontal ligament and affecting the biological effects of osteoclasts.

    Accuracy of three-dimensional camera system based on stereophotography on photographic acquisition of deformity facial images
    Pengcheng Gao,Zhenqi Zhao,Yali Chen,Yang Zhao,Lizhe Xie,Bin Yan,Lin Wang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  174-179.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.009
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    Objective To evaluate and analyze the accuracy of three-dimensional camera system acquisition based on stereophotography for the photographic acquisition of images of facial deformities. Methods 3D digital models of 45 waxen facial models of patients with facial deformities were obtained via a 3D camera system based on stereophotography. A total of 19 feature lines were measured on each 3D model by using the software. The measurements taken by the coordinate-measuring machine were accepted as standard values. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the system and the corresponding factors. Results Statistical analysis results showed that the measured values of the characteristic distance obtained by 3D camera system were statistically different from the standard values (P<0.001). Convex deformities had significant influence on the measuring error of 3D camera system (P<0.05), while cleft deformities had no significant influence on the measuring error (P>0.05). The facial regions significantly influenced measuring error (P<0.05). The deformities had no significant influence on the percentage of measurement values (P>0.05). The middle facial regions had significant difference with bilateral facial regions on the percentage of measurement values (P<0.05), while the left and right facial regions had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion The accuracy of 3D camera system based on stereophotography for the photographic acquisition of facial deformities are influenced by the morphology of the facial deformities and facial regions. Moreover, the measuring error is acceptable in clinical settings.

    Association between cervical vertebral maturation stages and dental calcification stages in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate
    Xiaoxu Fang,Cunhui Fan,Qing Xue,Tao Xu,Wenlin Xiao,Zhonghui Tian,Xiaolin Xu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  180-186.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.010
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    Objective The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between dental calcification stages (DCS) and cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMS) in patients with unilateral complete cleft lips and palates (UCLP) and to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment time selection of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Methods A total of 123 UCLP patients and 215 non-CLP subjects were selected. The DCS of the left mandibular canine, premolar, and second molar in non-CLP subjects and on both cleft sides of UCLP patients were assessed utilizing the Demirjian method. CVMS was observed utilizing the Baccetti method. The results were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation, and the correlation coefficients were compared. Results There was a correlation between the CVMS and the DCS of the left mandibular canine, the first premolar, the second premolar, and the second molar in the non-CLP subjects and on both cleft sides of the UCLP patients (r=0.762-0.864, P<0.05; r=0.809-0.914, P<0.05, respectively). The correlation between the CVMS and the DCS of the mandibular first premolar was highest among the UCLP patients. Except for the first and the second premolars of UCLP females, the correlation between the DCS and the CVMS of the other teeth did not differ among the non-CLP subjects (P>0.05). Conclusion DCS can be utilized as a biological index to determine the growth development statuses. The correlation between the CVMS and the DCS of the mandibular first premolar was the highest.

    An investigation on the need, the utilization, and the influencing factors of dental services for pre-school children in selected areas in Chongqing province
    Jingxue Wang,Zhengyan Yang,Xiaoyan Wu,Ting Cai,Li Deng,Xiaoyan Lü,Xianbin Ding,Zhi Zhou
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  187-192.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.011
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    Objective The aim of this study is to survey the need, the utilization, and the influencing factors of dental services for children in selected areas in Chongqing province by investigating their oral health status. The survey will provide references for preventive oral health care in targeted Chongqing areas, which may improve the level of oral health among pre-school children. Methods Random cluster sampling was utilized according to standards of the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological sampling survey, and 1 300 children between the ages of three and four years old from 24 kindergartens in 12 subdistricts of three areas in Chongqing were interviewed for free dental checkups and to participate in the survey. The questionnaires were designed according to the Anderson model and were answered by the children’s parents. The results were analyzed utilizing chi-square test logistic regression. Results The prevalence rate of caries among the pre-school children in selected areas of Chongqing was 55.4%, the decay, missing, filled surface (dmfs) was 6 696, the mean dmfs was 5.2, and the caries filling constituent ratio was 2.3%. A total of 1 173 questionnaires were analyzed. The ratio for seeing a dentist for therapeutic reasons was 6.31% (74/1 173) and for prevalence was 22.93% (269/1 173). Conclusion The oral health service needs of pre-school children in selected areas of Chongqing are large and the oral health service utilization rate is low. Oral health care processes are arduous; thus, targeted oral prevention policies should be created.

    Effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of rats with high glucose levels
    Feng Liao,Yao Liu,Hanghang Liu,Jian Hu,Shuang Zhao,Shimao Yang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  193-199.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.012
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    Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) on the osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of rats with high glucose levels. Methods Rat BMSCs were isolated and identified by osteogenic and adipo-genic differentiation. Then, the BMSCs were divided into three groups as follows: normal control group (5.5 mmol·L -1glucose), high glucose group (25.5 mmol·L -1glucose), and ASP+high glucose group (25.5 mmol·L -1 glucose +40 mg·L -1 ASP). The proliferation activities of the BMSCs were detected by CCK8. Alizarin red staining, and alkaline phosphatase activity were used in the examination of osteogenic activity. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of the osteogenic genes (Runx2, Osx, OCN, Col-Ⅰ) and the key factors of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway (CyclinD1, β-catenin). In vivo, a type 2 diabetes rat model was established. The rats were divided into three groups, namely, the normal control group (normal rats), diabetes group (diabetic rats), diabetes+ASP group (diabetic rats, ASP feeding). Then, the tibia bone defect was established. The repair of bone defects in each group was observed through histological examination. Results The proliferation of BMSCs was higher in the high glucose group and ASP+high glucose group than in the normal control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the high glucose group and ASP+high glucose group (P>0.05). The number of calcium nodules of BMSCs; alkaline phosphatase activity; and the mRNA expression of Runx2, OCN, Osx, Col-Ⅰ, CyclinD1, β-catenin in the high glucose group were lower than those in the normal control and ASP+high glucose groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the normal control and ASP+high glucose groups (P>0.05). The bone mass was significantly lower in the bone defect of the diabetes group than in the bone defect of the normal control or diabetes+ASP group (P<0.05). No statistical difference was found between the normal control and diabetes+ASP groups (P>0.05). Conclusion ASP can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs under high glucose culture and induce bone regeneration in rats with type 2 diabetes. These features may be related to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

    MicroRNA-29a-3p regulates osteoblast differentiation and peri-implant osseointegration in a rat model of hyperlipidemia by modulating Frizzled 4 expression
    Fei Liu,Zhifeng Wang,Fangfang Liu,Jinzhao Xu,Qibo Liu,Jing Lan
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  200-207.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.013
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    Objective This work aimed to study and identify the influence and target gene of microRNA-29a-3p (miR-29a-3p) in the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a high-fat environment in vitro and in vivo. Methods 1) In vitro: BMSCs were randomly allocated into two groups and were then induced to undergo osteogenic differentiation in a normal or high-fat environ-ment. Next, a miR-29a-3p mimic/inhibitor was transfected into the two groups of cells. The mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt related gene 2 (Runx2), and miR-29a-3p and the protein expression levels of ALP and Runx2 were detected before and after transfection through reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analyses. Moreover, Frizzled (Fzd) 4 was predicted as the target gene of miR-29a-3p by using an online database (Target Scan, MiRNA.org). The interactive relationship between miR-29a-3p and Fzd4 was confirmed through dual-luciferase assays. 2) In vivo: Rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed with a standard or high-fat diet. Titanium implants were grown in rats. Then, the expression levels of miR-29a-3p, ALP, and Runx2 were detected in bone tissues surrounding implants. Moreover, hard tissue sections were subjected to methylene blue-acid magenta staining and observed under microscopy to study bone formation around implants. In addition, miR-29a-3p-overexpressing lentiviral vectors were transfected into rats, and the expression levels of ALP, Runx2, and miR-29a-3p in bone tissues surrounding implants were detected at 3 and 10 days after transfection. Results The expression levels of ALP, Runx2, and miR-29a-3p and the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were suppressed in high-fat groups in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion MiR-29a-3p plays a positive role in the regulation of BMSCs in a high-fat environment. It can increase ALP and Runx2 expression levels in bone tissues surrounding implants in hyperlipidemia models. This result implies that miR-29a-3p can promote implant osseointergration in a rat model of hyperlipidemia.

    Research progress on substitutes for autogenous soft tissue grafts in mucogingival surgery
    Chunmei Xu,Jinmei Zhang,Yafei Wu,Lei Zhao
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  208-213.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.014
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    Mucogingival surgery is a general term for periodontal surgeries that correct aberrant periodontal soft tissues. Conventional mucogingival surgeries with pedicle flap or autologous soft tissue graft for treatment of gingival recession and insufficient keratinized tissues are always related to disadvantages such as need for a second surgery site, limited supplies, and complaints for postoperative discomfort. In this regard, research and application of soft tissue substitutes have gained increasing attention. Various kinds of soft tissue substitutes, including acellular dermal matrix and xenogeneic collagen matrix, have been developed and applied to clinical treatment. This review aims to summarize advances in research of the characteristics and clinical effectiveness of several soft tissue substitutes and provide references for clinical application.

    Treatment plan and prognosis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma with lung metastasis
    Wen Su,Hongyu Yang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  214-219.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.015
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    Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is a common malignant tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region and accounts for approximately 3%-5% of all head and neck carcinomas. SACC always occurs in the palatal salivary gland and parotid gland. The tumor has the characteristics of strong invasion, perineural invasion, high hematogenous metastasis, and low lymph node metastasis rate. The biological characteristics of SACC determine the specificity of clinical treatment. Thus far, few clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of systemic therapy owing to the rarity of SACC with lung metastasis. Moreover, long-term results are poor, and no consensus on standard treatment has been reached yet. This systematic review aims to provide a retrospective analysis of treatment options and prognosis for SACC with lung metastasis and evidence for future clinical treatment.

    Development of cartilage extracellular matrix in cartilage tissue engineering
    Yunjie Li,Yanhong Zhao,Qiang Yang
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  220-223.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.016
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    Cartilage tissue engineering, an effective way to repair cartilage defects, requires an ideal scaffold to promote the regeneration performance of stem cells. Cartilage extracellular matrix (CECM) can imitate the living environment of cartilage cells to the greatest extent. CECM not only exhibits good biocompatibility with chondrocytes and stem cells, which can meet the basic requirements of scaffolds, but also promotes chondrocytes to secrete matrix and induce stem cells to differentiate into chondrocytes; as such, this matrix is a better scaffold and has more advantages than existing ones. The promotion and induction effects could be related to various cartilage-related proteins inside. However, the practical application of this technique is hindered by problems, such as poor mechanical properties and insufficient cell penetration of CECM. Association with other materials can compensate for these inadequacies to a certain degree, and finding a combination mode with optimized performance is the application trend of CECM. This review focuses on research of CECM materials in cartilage tissue engineering.

    Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw complicated with wrist scaphoid osteomyelitis: a case report
    Zhaowei Sun,Zhiyong Li,Dan Yu,Jieying Zhu,Yidian Zhang,Xinmei Zhu
    West China Journal of Stomatology. 2019, 37(2):  224-228.  doi:10.7518/hxkq.2019.02.017
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    Bisphosphonates can directly inhibit osteoclasts, which may lead to increased bone density, reduced blood flow, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis is usually observed in the jaw bone. In this article, we report a patient with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) complicated with wrist scaphoid osteo-myelitis. Furthermore, we introduce the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of BRONJ.