A new method using the ideal mid-facial line as the navigating reference was introduced to improve the outcome of cleft lip repair. Using the verticle coordinate crossing the middle point of the intercanthus line, surgeons could observe and correct the distortion of the fine structures in labial-nasal area. This laser projecting mid-facial-line navigation was repeatable, while not interfere the operating. In conclusion, generalizing laser navigation is a valuable supplementary for cleft lip repair.

Target restoration space (TRS) is the most precise space required for designing optimal prosthesis. TRS consistsof an internal or external tooth space to confirm the esthetics and function of the final restoration. Therefore, assisted withquantitive analysis transfer, TRS quantitative analysis is a significant improvement for minimum tooth preparation. This articlepresents TRS quantity-related measurement, analysis, transfer, and internal relevance of three TRS classifications. Resultsreveal the close bond between precision and minimally invasive treatment. This study can be used to improve the comprehensionand execution of precise esthetic prosthodontics.

Objective This study investigated the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA)/chitosan (CS)-transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) composite coatings on titanium surfaces, as well as on the attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts. Methods HA/CS-TGF-β1 composite coatings were prepared on titanium surfaces by physical, chemical, and biological modifications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and other methods were employed to analyze the chemical composition and surface topography of the composite coatings. CCK-8 and immunofluorescence assays were used to analyze the effects of the coatings on the attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts. Results HA/CS-TGF-β1 composite coatings were successfully prepared. Their contact angle was almost zero. These composite coatings were applied in vitro, with a drug released early and a burst release effect. The growth of osteoblasts was not inhibited on it and it had obvious promoting effect on the adhesion and early proliferation of osteoblasts. Conclusion The composite coatings significantly promote the adhesion and early proliferation of osteoblasts in vitro. This finding shows that the proposed method demonstrates a good prospective application in surface modification of titanium.

Objective This research aimed to investigate the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and to explore the mechanism by which PTH promotes DO. Methods A rabbit mandibular DO model was established. The rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The former were subcutaneously injected with different doses of PTH on alternate days, the latter was injected with normal saline every other day. Serum OPG levels were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The OPG and RANKL expression levels in the DO-induced formation of a new bone tissue were examined through immunohistochemistry staining. Results The serum OPG levels gradually increased during distraction. At the end of the stretch, the OPG expression in the experimental group was significantly stronger than that in the control group. As the fixed period was extended, the OPG expression in the new bone gradually decreased, but the RANKL expression increased. Conclusion Intermittent subcutaneous PTH injection can upregulate the OPG expression and accelerate bone metabolism. Thus, this procedure promotes the early generation of a new bone in the mandible through DO.

Objective This study aims to observe the expression of Sclerostin during movement of orthodontic teeth and determine the effect of this protein on remodeling of periodontal tissues. Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were chosen. Orthodontic forces were applied between the bilateral incisor and first molar to achieve mesial movement. Rats in each group were executed at different time points (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 d). Morphology of periodontal tissue was observed by hematoxylineosin (HE) staining. The number of osteoclasts were observed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Sclerostin expression were observed by immunohistochemical staining. Results HE staining revealed that the resorption of alveolar bone intensified with prolonged movement. Results of immunohistochemical and TRAP staining revealed that Sclerostin expression and number of osteoclasts were related to duration of movement of orthodontic tooth. After staining for 5 days, the number of osteoclasts and Sclerostin expression reached their peak and then began to decline. The numbers of osteoclasts and the expression level of Sclerostin were higher at the compressive side than those at the tensive side. Conclusion Sclerostin affected orthodontic tooth movement by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway and by indirectly or directly controlling bone morphogenetic protein.

Objective This research explores the regulatory role of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in the expression of sclerostin in OCCM-30 cementoblast. Methods OCCM-30 cementoblasts were treated with 50 and 100 ng·mL^-1 BMP2 for 3, 5, and 7 days. SOST mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot analysis was employed to detect the sclerostin levels in the nucleus. Five groups were prepared for the experiments: control, BMP2, BMP2+dorsomorphin, BMP2+SB202190, and BMP2+PD98059. OCCM-30 was pretreated with BMP2 for 3 and 5 days, and then the sclerostin and SOST mRNA levels were measured. Results RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that BMP2 upregulated the expression of SOST in a concentration-dependent manner. SOST expression increased with time (P<0.05). Moreover, sclerostin levels of BMP2+dorsomorphin, BMP2+SB202190, and BMP2+PD98059 groups were lower than that of the BMP2 group, and the sclerostin level in BMP2+dorsomorphin group was lowest (P<0.05). Conclusion The upregulation of SOST by BMP2 in OCCM-30 is mainly mediated by the BMP2/Smad signal pathway.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of in vitro continuous passaging on the morphological phenotype and differentiation characteristics of mouse hyaline chondrocytes, as well as on the balance of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Methods Enzymatic digestion was conducted to isolate mouse hyaline chondrocytes, which expanded over five passages in vitro. Hematoxylin-eosin stain was used to show the changes in chondrocyte morphology. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the mRNA changes in the marker genes, routine genes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in chondrocytes. Zymography was carried out to elucidate changes in gelatinase activities. Results After continuous expansion in vitro, the morphology of round or polygonal chondrocytes changed to elongated and spindled shape. The expression of marker genes significantly decreased (P<0.05), and it was almost negatively expressed by P5 chondrocytes. By contrast, the down regulation of routine genes was insignificant. The gene expression levels of MMPs and TIMPs both decreased (P<0.05), but the change in MMP-1 and TIMP-1 was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the ratio of MMPs/TIMPs was altered. At the protein level, the activities of gelatinases decreased after passaging, especially for P4 and P5 chondrocytes (P<0.05). Conclusion Serially passaged chondrocytes dedifferentiated and lost specific phenotypic characteristics during in vitro expansion culture. Simultaneously, the anabolism and catabolism of the cartilage ECM became uncontrollable and led to the imbalance of ECM homeostasis. When hyaline chondrocytes are applied in research on relevant diseases or cartilage tissue engineering, P0–P2 chondrocytes should be used.

Objective To determine the regulatory effects of the circadian clock gene Per1 on cell cycle-related genes and its influence on the proliferation, apoptosis, cycle, and tumorigenicity in vivo of human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 cells. Methods Three groups of the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of lentivirus recombinant plasmids were designed against the RNA of Per1 and then transfected to the SCC15 cells. The optimum interference group was screened through Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and assigned as the experimental group. The transfected lentivirus plasmid without an interference effect on any gene was set as the control group (Control-shRNA). Untreated SCC15 cells were set as the blank group. The mRNA expressions of cell cycle-related genes, namely, Per1, p53, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, p16, p21, Wee1, cdc25, E2F, and Rb1, in each group were detected through qRT-PCR. The cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution in each group were evaluated through flow cytometry. The cells of the experimental group and the blank group were subcutaneously inoculated in nude mice to observe tumorigenesis. Results Three groups of Per1-shRNA lentivirus plasmids were constructed successfully. Among the groups, the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup exhibited the highest interference effect, as indicated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. As such, this group was set as the experimental group. The mRNA expression levels of CyclinD1, CyclinE, CyclinB1, CDK1, and Wee1 gene in the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup were significantly higher than those in the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). By contrast, the mRNA expression levels of p53, Cyclin A2, p16, p21, and cdc25 in the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup were significantly lower than those in the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of each gene between the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group did not significantly differ (P>0.05). The mRNA expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, E2F, and Rb1 did not significantly differed in the three groups (P>0.05). The proliferation index of the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup was significantly higher than those of the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). The apoptosis index of the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup was significantly lower than those of the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). The number of S-phase cells in the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup was significantly lower than those of S-phase cells in the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). The number of G2/M-phase cells in the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup was significantly higher than those of G2/Mphase cells in the Control-shRNA group and the SCC15 group (P<0.05). Conversely, the proliferation index, apoptotic index, and cell cycle distribution of the cells in the Control-shRNA group did not significantly differ from those of the SCC15 group (P>0.05). The tumorigenic ability in vivo was significantly enhanced in the Per1-shRNA-Ⅰgroup (P<0.05). Conclusion Per1 is an important tumor suppressor gene. Perl can regulate a large number of downstream cell cycle-related genes. The alteration of its expression can affect cell cycle progression, proliferation, apoptosis imbalance, and tumorigenic ability in vivo. Further studies on Per1 may elucidate cancer development and provide novel effective molecular targets for cancer treatment.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the influence of coping material and porcelain firing on the marginal and internal fit of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of zirconia ceramic implant-and titanium ceramic implant-supported crowns. Methods Zirconia ceramic implant (group A, n=8) and titanium metal ceramic implantsupported crowns (group B, n=8) were produced from copings using the CAD/CAM system. The marginal and internal gaps of the copings and crowns were measured by using a light-body silicone replica technique combined with micro-computed tomog-raphy scanning to obtain a three-dimensional image. Marginal gap (MG), horizontal marginal discrepancy (HMD), and axial wall (AW) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0. Results Prior to porcelain firing, the measurements for MG, HMD, and AW of copings in group A were significantly larger than those in group B (P<0.05). After porcelain firing, the measurements for MG of crowns in group A were smaller than those in group B (P<0.05), whereas HMD and AW showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Porcelain firing significantly reduced MG (P<0.05) in group A but significantly increased MG, HMD, and AW in group B (P<0.05). HMD and AW were not influenced by porcelain firing in group A (P>0.05). Conclusion The marginal fits of CAD/CAM zirconia ceramic implant-supported crowns were superior to those of CAD/CAM titanium ceramic-supported crowns. The fits of both the CAD/CAM zirconia ceramic implant-and titanium ceramic implant-supported crowns were obviously influenced by porcelain firing.

Objective This study aims to identify the effects of corticotomy-assisted orthodontic premolar intrusion and evaluate the changes of root resorption and the alveolar bone. Methods Both sides of the mandible of eight male Beagle dogs were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The third (P3) and fourth (P4) premolars were intruded with both mini-screw implant anchorage (MIA) and corticotomy on the experimental side. By contrast, P3 and P4 were intruded with MIA alone on the control side. During pre-operation and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of orthodontic force applications, cone beam computed tomography was performed on every dog. The distance of tooth intrusion and root resorption of furcation, as well as the apex and height changes of the alveolar bone were measured and analyzed. Results The intrusion distance of premolars on the experimental side was greater than that on the control side (P<0.05). The root of furcation and apex on both sides occurred in root resorption, and the root resorption of the apex on the experimental side was lighter than that on the control side after 12 weeks of force application (P<0.05). The alveolar bone height decreased, and the height reduction distance on the experimental side was greater than that on the control side after 8 and 12 weeks of force application (P<0.05). Conclusion Corticotomy accelerates orthodontic molar intrusion and reduces root resorption.

Objective This study described the clinical, surgical, and radiographic findings of simple bone cysts. Methods A retrospective study was conducted for patients diagnosed with simple bone cysts in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University from March 2005 to March 2015. Clinical, radiographic, surgical, and follow-up data were gathered. Results were statistically analyzed by central tendency and dispersion using SPSS 20.0 software. Results Eleven cases of simple bone cysts were collected, including three male and eight female patients. Ten cases (90.9%) were asymptomatic and one case developed symptoms of swelling. All of the cases had no history of trauma in the affected area, and all were solitary; ten cases (90.9%) were unilocular, and one (9.1%) was multilocular. The shape of each lesion could be assigned to four categories: cone (3 cases), round (2 cases), oval (4 cases), and irregular (2 cases). The treatment in 10 cases consisted of surgery to explore the cavity and curettage of the bone walls. During surgery, the bone cavity in seven cases (70%) was vacant, whereas serous fluid was found in two cases (20%) and serous-bloody fluid in one case (10%). Of the ten cases, three cases exhibited complete bone healing and seven cases showed new bone formation. Conclusion Simple bone cysts of the jaws are usually asymptomatic and appear incidentally on routine radiographies. The prevalence is higher in the mandible and young people. The patient usually has no history of trauma, and the bone cavity of lesion is mostly vacant. Curettage of the bone walls of the lesion is suggested for simple bone cysts. Systemic clinical and radiologic follow-up are necessary to ensure successful treatment.

Objective This study aimed to observe and evaluate six 3.0 T sequences of metallic artifacts produced by metal dental crowns. Methods Dental crowns fabricated with four different materials (Co-Gr, Ni-Gr, Ti alloy and pure Ti) were evaluated. A mature crossbreed dog was used as the experimental animal, and crowns were fabricated for its upper right second premolar. Each crown was examined through head MRI (3.0 T) with six sequences, namely, T₁weighted-imaging of spin echo (T₁W/SE), T₂ weighted-imaging of inversion recovery (T₂W/IR), T₂ star gradient echo (T₂*/GRE), T₂ weighted-imaging of fast spin echo (T₂W/FSE), T₁weighted-imaging of fluid attenuate inversion recovery (T₁W/FLAIR), and T₂weighted-imaging of propeller (T₂W/PROP). The largest area and layers of artifacts were assessed and compared. Results The artifact in the T₂*/GRE sequence was significantly wider than those in the other sequences (P<0.01), whose artifact extent was not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusion T₂*/GRE exhibit the strongest influence on the artifact, whereas the five other sequences contribute equally to artifact generation.

Objective The effect of treated dentin matrix (TDM) to the proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of dentine particles suffering from gradient demineralization. Human BMSCs were isolated and cultivated, and subsequently cultivated in the TDM leaching solution. The proliferation of BMSCs was detected by CCK-8. The osteogenesis-related proteins, including collagen typeⅠ(ColⅠ) and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), were extracted and detected by Western blot after a 7-day culture. Results Compared with the control group and hydroxyapatite (HA)/ β-tricalcium phosphate (β–TCP) group, the proliferation of BMSCs cultivated in TDM leaching solution was significantly improved. The expression of ColⅠ and Runx2 obviously increased after the 7-day cultivation in TDM leaching solution. Conclusion TDM can promote the proliferation and osteogenesis differentiation of BMSCs, implying the feasibility of the application in bone tissue engineering.