Psychological intervention is one of the most important parts in cleft lip/palate team approach. However, the psychological intervention has not been taken into deep consideration until now in China, and thus practical experience has not been obtained in this field. Based on a profound analysis of the reason of psychological abnormality and the psychological characteristics of cleft patients, we suggest that the psychological healthy should be the final destination of cleft lip/palate team approach. We further suggest that, based on the practical condition and experience in China, some therapies like psychological counseling should be feasible at the present time.

Objective To study the effect of energy therapy on Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+-ATP enzyme activity in rat master muscle after unilateral chew, and to discuss the protective action of the exogenous creatine phosphate on rat masseter muscle after unilateral chew. Methods The 20 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, A: Creatine phosphate normal control group; B: Creatine phosphate experimental group; C: Saline normal control group; D: Saline experimental group. The Ca2 + concentration were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the activity of the Ca2+-ATP enzyme were determined by super-micro volume Ca2+-ATP enzyme kit. Results 1）The Ca2+  concentration of the extraction side of group D which received the saline injection had significant difference compared with the non-extraction side（P=0.007）, the group C（P=0.009） and the extraction side of group B（P=0.01）; 2）Ca2+-ATP enzyme activity of group D were higher than its non-extraction side（P=0.001）, group C（P=0.003） and the extraction side of group B（P=0.001）; 3）The ultrastructural changes of the rat masseter muscle under transmission electron microscope were as follows: The extraction side of group D have more severe pathological manifestations than non-extraction side. Both the extraction side and the non-extraction side of group B had a similar manifestation to the normal control group. Conclusion Exogenous energy material, creatine phosphate, may have certain degree of protective effect on rat masseter muscles after unilateral chew. And it may become a possible way to improve the injury of the masseter muscle.

Objective To investigate the association between interferon regulatory factor 6（IRF6） gene polymorphism and non-syndromic oral clefting（NSOC）. Methods Experimental group consisted of 186 Ningxia NSOC patients, their parents（183 fathers and 174 mothers）, 172 core families（patient+parents）, and control group consisted of 200 normal children. DNA was extracted and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism（PCR-RFLP） was used to identify the genotypes of the samples, case-control analyses and transmission-disequilibrium test（TDT） were carried out. Results Compared with control group, there were significant differences in both rs642961′s and rs4844880′s AA genotype and A allele among NSOC patients（P<0.05）, but no difference in cleft palate（P=0.15, P=0.967, respectively）. In TDT analysis, the A allele of rs642961 had a strong over-transmission in NSOC（P<0.05）, so did the rs4844880′A allele（P<0.05）, but neither of them had significant difference in cleft palate（P=0.91, P=0.95, respectively）. Conclusion IRF6 gene polymorphism is associated with NSOC.

Objective To establish a good animal model of cleft palate and confirm whether 2, 3, 7, 8 - tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin（TCDD） and Dexamethasone（DEX） induced palatal cleft in mice is related to the fold change of transforming growth factor-beta 3（TGF-β3） and activin receptor-like kinase 5（Alk5）. Methods Pregnant mice were treated with oral medication of TCDD and intraperitoneal injection with DEX on GD10 -12 in experimental group while the control group without any treatment. Then embryos were examined on GD17.5 under stereomicroscope for calculating the incidence of cleft palate and palatal shelves were dissected from the staged embryos respectively for RNA extraction on GD13.5, GD14.5 and GD15.5. At last the real-time PCR and SYBR Green Ⅰ detection were used for RNA relative quantification. Results Cleft palate could be induced 100% in C57BL/6J fetal mice with TCDD and DEX, thus established a stable animal model for further molecular studies of cleft palate. There were no significant difference in expression level of TGF-β3 and Alk5 on GD13.5 among the groups, but the differences were statistically significant on GD14.5 and GD15.5（P<0.05）. On the contrary, the expression level of Alk5 were significantly higher in experimental group（P<0.05）. Conclusion Combined effects of TCDD and DEX could induce a stable formation of cleft palate and down-regulated mRNA of TGF-β3 and up-regulated Alk5 may contribute to the occurrence of cleft palate.

Objective To study the effects of the cold-light bleaching technique on crystals and microstructure of the dental enamel. Methods The human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were treated by a standard cold-light bleaching procedure. After the treatment, all samples were detected by high resolution micro-area X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and scanning electron microscope. Results After the permanent teeth were treated with cold-light bleaching technique, the enamels′ crystal dimension, crystallinity decreased and irregular surfaces and shallow disk pits appeared. Conclusion The cold-light bleaching technique could lead to the changes of crystals and microstructure in the surface layer of dental enamel.

Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cells and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） in acid microenvironment in vitro. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from healthy person′ s blood and cultivated to transform into monocytes/ macrophages. The monocytes/macrophages were cultured with Tca8113 in acid microenvironment（pH6.6 and pH6.8） and in normal microenvironment（pH7.2）. The anti-tumor effect of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cells were examined by MTT assay. The expression of VEGF was detected by enzyme-link immunoassay（ELISA）. Results The anti -tumor effect of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cells in acid environment was lower than in normal environment（P<0.05）. VEGF excreted by mononuclear/macrophage was significantly higher in acid microenvironment than in normal microenvironment. Conclusion Due to acid microenvironment inside tumor, the anti-tumor effect of monocytes/macrophages against tumor cell was decreased, but the secretion of VEGF was gradually increased. However, the function of monocytes/macrophages on anti-tumor need more research.

Objective To analyze the effect of different silane coupling agents on the resin bond durability of glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic. Methods A glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic was silanized or not by three silane coupling agents. The treated ceramic surfaces were bonded with two resin cements. Their micro-bond strength were measured after 0, 30 000 thermal cycles. Results Before thermal cycling, resin cement A had lowest bond strength to ceramic, and ceramic treated by silane coupling agent A with two cements had lower bond strength than those treated by silane coupling agent B and C. After thermal cycling, cement A had no bond strength with no treated ceramic, only ceramic treated by silane coupling agent A with two cements had more than 5 MPa bond strength. Conclusion The glass-infiltrated alumina cermaic treated by the silane coupling agent activated by 10-methacryloyloxydecyl- dihydrogen phosphate could obtain better bond durability with different type of resin cements.

Objective To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of KaVo KEY laser on Enterococcus faecalis（E. faecalis） within infected root canals and roots surface in vitro. Methods Fifty single-rooted teeth were selected, and infected root canals and roots surface vitro models were prepared. Then, these specimens were divided into three groups. First group were untreated as blank control. The other two groups were the laser groups: Irradiated 15 s and 30 s respectively with 80 mJ and 140 mJ in root canals and on roots surface. Microbiological samples were collected from root canals and roots surface at two time points（before irrigation and immediately after irrigation）. The dentin chips from three different zone of part of root canals in each group were immediately collected and were cultured for 24 h in brain heart infusion（BHI）. Results The number of E. faecalis in root canal and root surface in each of the groups were effectively reduced（P <0.05）, and there was no significant difference between each two groups（P>0.05）. Compared with the blank control, the bacterial number in 100 μm of dental tubules decreased after specimens treated with 80 mJ, and the experimental group irradiated 15 s was a significant decease（P<0.05）. The other groups were no changed in different zone of dental tubules. Conclusion KaVo KEY laser is effective on sterilizing infected root canals and roots surface. It has also significant effect on bacterial in superficial dental tubules with low energy and short time.

 Objective To study the relationship between the mesiodistal tipping degree of maxillary and mandible posterior teeth and different vertical facial skeletal types of subjects with normal occlusion. Methods 163 subjects with normal occlusion were selected, lateral cephalograms were taken and divided into three different facial skeletal types. The difference of the mesiodistal tipping degrees and intersection angles of upper and lower posterior teeth between the three different facial skeletal types were analyzed. Results Among 163 subjects, vertical growth pattern, average growth pattern and horizontal growth pattern were 24, 96 and 43 respectively. There were statistic differences of mesiodistal tipping degrees of the first and second maxillary and mandible premolar and the first permanent molar between vertical growth and horizontal growth pattern, horizontal growth and average growth pattern（P <0.05）. But there were no statistically significant differences between vertical growth and average growth pattern （P>0.05）. The differences of the maxillary and mandible posterior teeth′s intersection angle among three vertical facial skeletal types had no statistic significance（P >0.05）. Conclusion Different vertical facial skeletal type has its own normal and coordinated posterior teeth mesiodistal tipping degrees.

Objective To establish a quick, exact and inexpensive method to detect caries susceptibility in children. Methods 125 caries free children, aged 3-4 years, were randomly sampled. A combination of polymerase chain reaction（PCR） and gtfB oligonucleotide probe hybridization method was used to detect Streptococcus mutans in saliva. The participants were followed up for a year and the clinical examination results were compared with the laboratory results. The perspective study was used to evaluate the detecting approach. Results When the combination of PCR and hybridization method was used to detect caries susceptibility of the sample, the predictive sensitivity, predictive specificity and predictive reliability were all increased to 69.2%, 46.8% and 54.3%, respectively as compared to only PCR, which were 56.4%, 44.2% and 48.3%, respectively. The samples with both the positive and negative results of hybridization detection had caries clinically, but the dmft index and prevalence were higher in the positive（dmft was 2.15±0.86, and the prevalence was 23.28%） than in the negative（dmft was 1.58±0.51, and the prevalence was 10.34%） which was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Conclusion The probe was found to be quite potential in detecting caries susceptibility, but the predictive specificity and predictive reliability values were not significant.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between periodontitis and the traditional risk factors of coronar heart disease（CHD）, as well as the role in the mechanisms responsible for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） in the relationship of peridontitis and CHD. Methods A periodontal examination was conducted on a total of 356 subjects, and community periodontal index of treatment needs（CPITN） was obtained from each subject. Periodontal status was categorized into TN≤2, TN=3, TN=4 three groups according to the CPITN indexes. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all the three group subjects, the serum hsCRP concentration and serological changes used in diagnosing CHD routinely were determined, and software of SPSS 16.0 were used to analyzed the relationship of periodontal, hsCRP concentration and routinely CHD serological indexes. Results In the groups of TN≤2, TN=3 and TN=4, the hsCRP level was （1.10±1.16）, （1.86±2.34）, （2.25±2.75） mg·L-1, respectively. Compared with Group TN≤2, the concentration of hsCRP in Group TN=3 and TN=4 were higher（OR=1.24, OR=1.31, respectively）. Compared with group hsCRP＜3.0 mg·L-1, more calculus and deep periodontal pockets were found in the Group hsCRP≥3.0 mg·L-1（P＜0.05）. Conclusion The serum hsCRP level is correlated with the severity of periodontal disease.

Objective To investigate the value of carotid arteriography and selective embolization in surgical treatment of carotid body tumor. Methods Seven patients with carotid body tumor were operated, and four patients were performed with carotid arteriography and selective embolization before operation. All patients were treated by stripping the carotid body tumor from the carotid artery. Treatment effectiveness of the patients with and without selective embolization were compared. Results Seven cases were classified as Shamblin Ⅲ type. The CT scan and digital subtraction angiography（DSA） showed the tumor lesion in the carotid bifurcation, and the tumor and its relation with the surrounding arteries were expressed by CT and three dimensional CT images. All cases of carotid body tumor were resected without any carotid artery ligation. No serious complications occurred after operation. There was average 160 mL blood loss in operation of four patients that had angiograms and were preoperatively embolized, and average 2.5 h were expended. There was average 600 mL blood loss in operation of three patients without preoperatively embolized, and average 4 h were expended. Preoperatively high-selected embolization of the tumor-feeding artery could effectively reduce the intraoperative bleeding. With 1.5-3 years follow-up, none of the carotid body tumor recurred in all the seven cases. Conclusion Carotid arteriography and embolization therapy may decrease blood loss and higher risk for operation in the patients with carotid body tumor.

Objective To study the feasibility and authenticity of repairing alveolar defects in alveolar cleft patients with osteoinduction active material（OAM） in clinic. Methods Twenty-seven cases of alveolar defect chosen from clinic were divided into two groups（test group and control group）. For test group（12 cases）, OAM was transplanted to repair the alveolar cleft. For control group（15 cases）, autogenous ilium cancellous bone were transplanted into the defect region to repair alveolar cleft. At 6 months after operation, CT and three-dimensional reconstruction were used to observe alveolar appearance, and the effect and clinical success rate of recover alveolar cleft by using different repair material were compared. Results In the 27 cases, all the maxillary continuity was restored except two of test group and two of control group. There was no significant difference between test group and control group regarding the clinical success rate of the alveolar cleft repair（P=1.000）. Conclusion OAM was used to repair the alveolar cleft that can result in new bone formations and the burgeon of canines from the bone grafted areas. There is no significant difference between OAM and autogenous ilium cancellous bone regarding the effect of the alveolar cleft repair.

Objective To figure out the differences of the morphological characteristics of mandibular symphysis between Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ adult skeletal malocclusions with different abnormal vertical skeletal patterns. Methods 109 Chinese female adults of skeletal Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ were chosen and divided into four groups according to vertical and sagittal skeletal pattern: Class Ⅱ-vertical-growth-pattern group（n=30）, Class Ⅲ-vertical-growth-pattern group（n=25）, Class Ⅱ-horizontal-growth-pattern group（n=29）, Class Ⅲ-horizontal-growth-pattern（n=25）. Lateral cephalograms were taken. The symphyseal widths and heights, along with lower incisor positions were evaluated. Observation and statistics analysis were done to clarify the morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region of different skeletal patterns. Results There were morphological differences of symphyseal region between Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusions, but not significant in width and total height. With a vertical-growth-pattern, Class Ⅱ malocclusions had higher alveolus than Class Ⅲ , but smaller chin prominence and lower basal bone（P＜0.01）. With a horizontal-growth-pattern, Class Ⅱ malocclusions had higher alveolus（P＜0.05） and larger alveolar top width （P＜0.001）. With a same sagittal skeletal pattern, vertical-growth-pattern group had thinner but higher symphyseal region and bigger chin prominence（P＜0.001 in Class Ⅱ while P＜0.05 in Class Ⅲ）. Besides, a vertical -growthpattern malocclusion was prone to have a cucurbit-morph chin, of which Id width was larger than basal width（P＜ 0.01）. Conclusion There are morphological differences in symphyseal region between Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusions with different abnormal vertical skeletal patterns. The influence of abnormal vertical skeletal pattern to symphyseal morphological characteristics is greater than that of abnormal sagittal skeletal pattern. There is a risk of orthodontic movement of low incisors in vertical-growth-pattern skeletal malocclusion.

Objective This study is to evaluate the soft tissue change of Angle′s Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion patients with vertical growth pattern after tooth extraction orthodontic treatment, and to provide experimental results to help to make orthodontic treatment plan and treatments. Methods 38 Angle′s Class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion patients with vertical growth pattern and with tooth extraction orthodontic treatment were included in this study. The pre- and post-treatment cephalometric X-rays were made and 26 measurement items were measured. The change value of pre- and post-treatment, youngsters and adults were compared. Results TUL-EP, TLL-EP, upper and lower lip position, Stoms-Stomi, U1-Ptm were reduced after treatment. Upper lip sulcus and flange thickness, upper and lower lip length, upper and lower lip inclination angle, nasolabial angle, Z angle, mentolabial sulcus inclination angle were enlarged after treatment. The upper lip sulcus thickness, lower lip length and A′-Ptm of adolescent were enlarged, but adult were on the contrary. The change of upper lip length, mentolabial sulcus inclination angle and U1- Ptm between adolescent and adult was statistically different. Conclusion The best treatment period of patients with Angle′s Class Ⅱ division 1 malocculsion with vertical growth pattern was in the rapid growth and development period of adolescent.

Objective To compare the production of organic acid of different genotype Streptococcus mutans（S. mutans） isolated from children with different caries experience. Methods 66 strains of S.mutans isolated from dental plaques of children aged from 3 to 5 with different caries experience were chosen as test bacteria. The quantities of organic acid include formic acid, acetic acid and lactic acid which produced by different genotype of S.mutans, were measured by gas chromatograph. Results There were significant difference in production of organic acid among the different genotypes of S.mutans isolated from children with different caries susceptibility, and so were the strains isolated from children within the same caries susceptibility（P<0.05）. The more genotypes the strain had, the more organic acid it produced（P<0.05）. Among all the organic acid, the quantity of lactic acid was much more than that of formic acid and acetic acid. Conclusion There were significant difference in the ability of the strains with different genotypes to produce organic acid, and the more genotypes it has, the more organic acid it produced.

Objective To analyze the use situation of finished resin teeth for the different location, and to provide reference for manufacturers of finished resin teeth and all the buyers. Methods To analyze the use situation of finished resin teeth in the Dental Laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University from January 2006 to December 2008 by using statistic methods. Results During the use of 55 787 finished resin teeth, the study found some rules. 1）The top use of finished resin teeth was D6 with the percentage of 5.31%, and the lowest use of finished resin teeth was D3 with the percentage of 1.94%. 2）Except the maxillary canines and the mandibular lateral incisors, there was no significant difference between the usage of other same name finished resin teeth（P >0.05）. 3）Among all finished resin teeth, the usage of section B exceeded section A, and the usage of maxillary finished resin teeth exceeded mandibular finished resin teeth（P<0.05）. 4）The use of the complete denture and single complete denture was about 1/3 of the total usage of finished resin teeth. 5）Except the use situation of complete denture and single complete denture, the frequency of simultaneously using mandibular left and right central incisors was the most with the percentage of 81.46%, for the frequency of simultaneously using maxillary left and right canines was 43.26% of the total, which was the lowest. Conclusion There is significant difference in the use frequency of finished resin teeth for different location. For such reason, the manufacturers should produce finished resin teeth pro rata as well as the buyers for their purchase.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effective of immediate restoration with Osstem MS mini-implant in the edentulous space of 5-6 mm. Methods The sample consisted of 36 consecutively treated partially edentulous patients who had a total of 36 Osstem MS mini-implants, which were 2.5 mm or 3.0 mm in diameter and placed in 5-6 mm gap. The chair-side-made or laboratory-made provisional crowns for implants were fabricated at the time of fixtures placed. The final restorations were fabricated with gold alloy-fusedporcelain crown 3 to 5 months later. During the mean 21.3 months（12-37 months） follow-up time since fixtures placement, all implants were examined clinically and radiologically. Results No implant failed before restoration. One implant led an adjacent tooth pulp necrosis after the implantation, but the natural tooth and implant were successfully retained by root canal therapy. 36 implants in 36 patients who were followed-up were successful and their aesthetic results were satisfactory. Conclusion Immediate loaded implant with Osstem MS mini-implant has good clinical prosthetic effects in the edentulous space of 5-6 mm.

Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin-10（IL-10） mRNA in gingival tissue of active and stable stage in patients with adult periodontitis. Methods 12 patients with acute abscesses of the periodontium, 12 patients after periodontal initial treatment and 6 periodontal healthy patients having extraction of impacted wisdom tooth were randomly divided into group A（active stage group）, group B（stable stage group） and the control group. Biopsies of gingival tissues were collected from every subject of three groups. Technique of in situ hybridization was applied to observe the expression of IL-10 mRNA in the biopsies from three groups semi-quantitatively. Results IL-10 mRNA was positively expressed in lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. The quantity of IL-10 mRNA of group A was the lowest in the three groups and was significantly lower than that of control group and group B respectively（P＜0.01）. The quantity of IL-10 mRNA of group B was the highest in the three groups and was significantly higher compared with the control group and group A（P＜0.01）. Conclusion The quantities of IL-10 mRNA expression are closely related with various clinical states of periodontitis.

Objective To study the expression and distribution of bone morphogenetic protein（BMP） in newly formed bone by distraction osteogenesis（DO）, and to explore the mechanism of the DO bone formation and remodeling. Methods The cleft palate（CP） experimental animal models（23 Rhesus monkeys） were established surgically. In experimental group（21 Rhesus monkeys）, the palatal defects were corrected by means of DO at the rhythm of 0.4 mm twice per day. The specimens were retrieved under euthanasia at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 weeks intervals respectively in retention period. BMP immunohistochemical study was then performed. The blank control and experimental group（each of 2 animals） were set for comparison study. Results The immunohistochemical study showed that BMP existed mainly in cytoplasma of osteoblasts, during the process of new bone formation. In early stage of 1 or 2 weeks, abundant osteoblasts aggregating on surfaces of the new bone trabeculae with positive DAB dye were observed. Through 4 to 6 weeks, the proliferative osteoblasts with very strong positive DAB dye indicating BMP expression were recorded. From 8 to 12 weeks, the expression of BMP and quantity of osteoblasts decreased gradually while more matured new bone structures were observed. Conclusion During the whole retention period, the expression of BMP showed a tendency from weak to strong and then to final cessation, this indicated a process of formation, remodeling and maturation of osteogenesis.

Objective To construct mouse enhanced green fluorecence protein（EGFP）-peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor（PPAR）γ2, and to detect EGFP-PPARγ2 expression in infected mouse bone marrow mesenchy - mal stem cells（BMSC）. Methods Cut the fragment of PPARγ2 from the expression plasmid pcDNA flag PPARγ2, then cloned the gene fragment into pEGFP-C1 and pEGFP-N1 vector. Subsequently, subclone the fragment EGFPPPARγ2 from pEGFP-C1-PPARγ2 into the shuttle plasmid DC315. HEK293 cells were co-transfected with the constructed recombinant shuttle plasmid DC315-EGFP-PPARγ2 and large adenovirus helper plasmid pBHGlox△E1, 3Cre in mediation of liposome. The obtained replication-defective recombinant adenovirus Ad-EGFP-PPARγ2 was confirmed. Then it was propagated in HEK293 cells. After the BMSC were transfected for 72 h, adipogenic differentiation was demonstrated. Results HEK293 cells were transfected with the pEGFP-C1-PPARγ2 or pEGFP-N1-PPARγ2 in mediation of liposome. The former green fluorescence protein was better than the latter by fluorescence microscope. The recombinant plasmids were digested and identified. Western blot analysis showed the expression of EGFP - PPARγ2 in vitro. EGFP-PPARγ2 protein was detectable in the nucleus of BMSC. Conclusion The recombinant adenovirus encoding EGFP-PPARγ2 fusion protein was successfully constructed, which provided a basis for application of EGFP -PPARγ2 gene to adenovirus -mediated gene therapy.

Objective To investigate the influences of experimental osteoporosis（OP） on bone healing of autologous iliac crest graft around dental implants in rabbits. Methods Twenty Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Bilaterally ovariectomy was performed on experimental group and control group received sham-operation. Twelve weeks later, femoral bones were examined for bone mineral density（BMD） to verify OP status. Then bone defects were made in the proximal metaphysis of the tibiae and autologous iliac crest grafts with simultaneous implant placement were performed. The animals were killed at 8 and 12 weeks after bone graft surgery. Undecalcified sections were prepared and examined histologically and histomorphometrically. Results Osteoporotic status caused by ovariectomy was verified by significantly decreased BMD in experimental group（P<0.001）. At 8 and 12 weeks after bone graft surgery, osseointegration was observed in both groups. However, thickness of cortical bone （TCB）, bone volume in cancellous area（BVC）, implant-bone contact rate（IBCR） at bone graft area all significantly decreased in experimental group when compared with control group（P<0.01）. Newly formed bone was also less in experimental group than that in control group. Conclusion Although experimental OP may not delay osseointegration of dental implants in autologous iliac crest graft, it certainly promotes resorption of bone grafts, decreases cancellous bone volume and implant-bone contact rate. Therefore it may be an important risk factor for patients receiving autologous bone graft with simultaneous implant placement.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of human major histocompatibilitycomplex-Ⅰ at different degrees of dysplasia leukoplakia, and to investigate local immune status and discuss their associations with oral leukoplakia. Methods The monoclonal antibody of MHC classⅠantigen was employed in this study. There were 55 oral leukoplakias, 31 primary oral squamous cell carcinomas and 28 histologically normal oral epithelia were detected for the presence of the MHC class Ⅰ molecule by using immunohistochemistry method. Results The MHC class Ⅰ antigen expression of the severe dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma was significantly lower than that of the normal epithelia（P<0.05）. But their expression did not show statistically difference between the normal epithelia and other groups of oral leukoplakia（P＞0.05）. Conclusion The expression levels of the MHC class Ⅰantigen is reduced in oral leukoplakia, particularly in severe dysplasia oral leukoplakia, it is relevant to the degree of dysplasia.

Objective To investigate the influence of high mobility group box 1（HMGB1） on the expression of interleukin 6（IL-6）, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand（RANKL） and osteoprotegerin（OPG） on periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Methods Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were stimulated with HMGB1 at concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 ng·mL-1 for 24 h. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to check mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, RANKL and OPG on the cells. Results The ratio of RANKL/OPG was increased at both mRNA and protein level after HMGB1 stimulation at 10, 30, 100 ng·mL-1. Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was upregulated by HMGB1 at the concentration of 100 ng·mL-1. Conclusion Increased ratio of RANKL/OPG and IL-6 on periodontal ligament fibroblasts suggests that HMGB1 might play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease.

Objective To observe the surface of Enterococcus faecalis and the dynamic forming process of those biofilms using atomic force microscopy（AFM） in air condition. Methods The surface of Enterococcus faecalis which were dried in air were observed with AFM. We used the cellulose nitrate film to construct the Enterococcus faecalis biofilms model in vitro, and then placed the biofilms under AFM to observe the surface changes of biofilms′ development. Results The cell surfaces of strain Enterococcus faecalis were not regular because of the presence of the amorphous substance on the colony surface, which congregated globular, fibrous structure. Gradually determined that at 6 h the initial biofilm formed and at 24 h the biofilms maintained the steady -state. AFM height images showed topographical changes due to biofilms′ development, which were used to characterize several aspects of the bacterial surface, such as the presence of extracellular polymeric substance, and the biofilms′ development stage. Conclusion Application of AFM in physiological conditions could be useful in observing Enterococcus faecalis surface ultrastructure and dynamic process of biofilms formation.

Giant cell tumor of bone（GCTB） seldom occurs in the head or face. This article reported a case that GCTB occurred simultaneously in the temporal bone and mandibular condyle, and analyzed their clinical and pathological features.

Eight patients misdiagnosed as calcifying epithelioma during 2003 -2008 at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Cangzhou Central Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The pertinent literatures were reviewed and the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, imaging performance and differential diagnosis of calcifying epithelioma were discussed.

Semi-fixed mandibular lingual arch expansion appliance is composed of a mandibular molar band, a keyway and arch expansion spring. The arch expansion spring are used to expand maxillary arch symmetrically or asymmetrically when bolts of the two ends are inset into keyways. Dental arch expansion appliance for 25 patients with mandibular arch stenosis showed that semi-fixed mandibular lingual arch expansion had good effect and could be used to expand mandibular arch.

The human genomic project and the international HapMap project were designed to create a genomewide database of patterns of human genetic variation, with the expectation that these patterns would be useful for genetic association studies of common diseases, thus lead to molecular diagnosis and personnel therapy. The article briefly reviewed the creation, target and achievement of those two projects. Furthermore, the authors have given four suggestions in facing to the opportunities and challenges brought by the two projects, including cultivation improvement of elites, cross binding of multi-subjects, strengthening construction of research base and initiation of natural key scientific project.